‘language’ directory
See Also
- Gwern
- Links
- “Training Language Models for Social Deduction With Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning ”, Sarkar et al 2025
- “A Marriage Proposal Spoken Entirely in Office Jargon ”, Barber 2025
- “Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languages ”, Brinkmann et al 2025
- “A Humanized NOVA1 Splicing Factor Alters Mouse Vocal Communications ”
- “Trajectoid ”, Weinersmith 2024
- “ABBYY’s Bitter Lesson: How Linguists Lost the Last Battle for NLP ”, Skorinkin 2024
- “Rapid Formation of Picture-Word Association in Cats ”, Takagi et al 2024
- “Why Concepts Are (Probably) Vectors ”, Piantadosi et al 2024
- “Language Is Primarily a Tool for Communication rather than Thought ”, Fedorenko et al 2024
- “Linguistics-Based Formalization of the Antibody Language As a Basis for Antibody Language Models ”, Vu et al 2024
- “African Elephants Address One Another With Individually Specific Name-Like Calls ”, Pardo et al 2024
- “The Language Network As a Natural Kind within the Broader Landscape of the Human Brain ”, Fedorenko et al 2024b
- “Language Generation in the Limit ”, Kleinberg & Mullainathan 2024
- “An Abundance of Katherines: The Game Theory of Baby Naming ”, Blumer et al 2024
- “Language Models Learn Rare Phenomena from Less Rare Phenomena: The Case of the Missing AANNs ”, Misra & Mahowald 2024
- “The ‘After You’ Gesture in a Bird ”, Suzuki & Sugita 2024
- “Teaching Large Language Models an Unseen Language on the Fly ”, Zhang et al 2024
- “The OED on Wrong: Delving into the History of a Tricky Word ”, Stephenson 2024
- “[On Gricean Maxims] ”, Munroe 2024
- “Grounded Language Acquisition through the Eyes and Ears of a Single Child ”, Vong et al 2024
- “Mission: Impossible Language Models ”, Kallini et al 2024
- “A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates ”, Millière & Buckner 2024
- “A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates ”, Millière & Buckner 2024
- “Large Language Models Are Able to Downplay Their Cognitive Abilities to Fit the Persona They Simulate ”, Milička et al 2024
- “Large Language Models Are Able to Downplay Their Cognitive Abilities to Fit the Persona They Simulate ”, Milička et al 2024
- “Generalization in Sensorimotor Networks Configured With Natural Language Instructions ”, Riveland & Pouget 2023
- “MTOB: A Benchmark for Learning to Translate a New Language from One Grammar Book ”, Tanzer et al 2023
- “Testing My Speech Jammer In Public ”, Jordan 2023
- “Testing My Speech Jammer In Public § Speech Jammer Immunity ”, Jordan 2023
- “The Architecture of a Biologically Plausible Language Organ ”, Mitropolsky & Papadimitriou 2023
- “From Word Models to World Models: Translating from Natural Language to the Probabilistic Language of Thought ”, Wong et al 2023
- “TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English? ”, Eldan & Li 2023
- “Approaching an Unknown Communication System by Latent Space Exploration and Causal Inference ”, Beguš et al 2023
- “Approaching an Unknown Communication System by Latent Space Exploration and Causal Inference ”, Beguš et al 2023
- “When Watching TV Shows or Movies in Your Native Language, Do You Generally Prefer to Have the Subtitles on or Off? § By Age ”, YouGov 2023
- “Human-Like Systematic Generalization through a Meta-Learning Neural Network ”, Lake & Baroni 2023
- “Can Language Models Handle Recursively Nested Grammatical Structures? A Case Study on Comparing Models and Humans ”, Lampinen 2022
- “Semantic Projection Recovers Rich Human Knowledge of Multiple Object Features from Word Embeddings ”, Grand et al 2022
- “Machine Learning Reveals Cryptic Dialects That Explain Mate Choice in a Songbird ”, Wang et al 2022
- “Exact Number Concepts Are Limited to the Verbal Count Range ”, Pitt et al 2022
- “Maternal Judgments of Child Numeracy and Reading Ability Predict Gains in Academic Achievement and Interest ”, Parker et al 2021
- “The Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Based on the PRISMA Method ”, Giovannoli et al 2020
- “Cultural Influences on Word Meanings Revealed through Large-Scale Semantic Alignment ”, Thompson et al 2020
- “Can Neural Networks Acquire a Structural Bias from Raw Linguistic Data? ”, Warstadt & Bowman 2020
- “Generative Adversarial Phonology: Modeling Unsupervised Phonetic and Phonological Learning With Neural Networks ”, Beguš 2020
- “CiwGAN and FiwGAN: Encoding Information in Acoustic Data to Model Lexical Learning With Generative Adversarial Networks ”, Beguš 2020
- “Can Multilingual Language Models Transfer to an Unseen Dialect? A Case Study on North African Arabizi ”, Muller et al 2020
- “How People Read Online: New and Old Findings ”, Moran 2020
- “Testing the Babble Hypothesis: Speaking Time Predicts Leader Emergence in Small Groups ”, MacLaren et al 2020
- “The the the the Induction of Jamais Vu in the Laboratory: Word Alienation and Semantic Satiation ”, Moulin et al 2020
- “The Dilution of Precise Concepts ”, Crawford 2020
- “Building the Perfect Curse Word: A Psycholinguistic Investigation of the Form and Meaning of Taboo Words ”, Reilly et al 2020
- “How Many Words Do We Read per Minute? A Review and Meta-Analysis of Reading Rate ”, Brysbaert 2019
- “Different Languages, Similar Encoding Efficiency: Comparable Information Rates across the Human Communicative Niche ”, Coupé et al 2019
- “Different Languages, Similar Encoding Efficiency: Comparable Information Rates across the Human Communicative Niche ”, Coupé et al 2019
- “What BERT Is Not: Lessons from a New Suite of Psycholinguistic Diagnostics for Language Models ”, Ettinger 2019
- “Human Few-Shot Learning of Compositional Instructions ”, Lake et al 2019
- “Humans Store about 1.5 Megabytes of Information during Language Acquisition ”, Mollica & Piantadosi 2019
- “Remembering Jerry Fodor and His Work ”, Rey 2018
- “Mister Rogers’s Simple Set of Rules for Talking to Kids ”, King 2018
- “Loyal to the Group of 17’s Story—The Just Man ”, Wolfe 2018
- “Pristine Inner Experience While Silent Reading: It’s not Silent Speaking of the Text ”, Brouwers et al 2018
- “Alarm Calls Evoke a Visual Search Image of a Predator in Birds ”, Suzuki 2018
- “Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Only ”, Lample et al 2017
- “Word Translation Without Parallel Data ”, Conneau et al 2017
- “Linguistically Deprived Children: Meta-Analysis of Published Research Underlines the Importance of Early Syntactic Language Use for Normal Brain Development ”, Vyshedskiy et al 2017
- “Learning Cooperative Visual Dialog Agents With Deep Reinforcement Learning ”, Das et al 2017
- “MultiArith: Solving General Arithmetic Word Problems ”, Roy & Roth 2016
- “How Many Words Do We Know? Practical Estimates of Vocabulary Size Dependent on Word Definition, the Degree of Language Input and the Participant’s Age ”, Brysbaert et al 2016
- “
#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities ”, Chancellor et al 2016 - “Language and Thought Are Not the Same Thing: Evidence from Neuroimaging and Neurological Patients ”, Fedorenko & Varley 2016
- “The Failure of Analysis and the Nature of Concepts ”, Huemer 2015
- “The Idiom Principle Revisited ”, Siyanova-Chanturia & Martinez 2014
- “A Few Goodmen: Surname-Sharing Economist Coauthors ”, Goodman et al 2014
- “Grounding the Ungrounded: Estimating Locations of Unknown Place Names from Linguistic Associations and Grounded Representations ”, Recchia & Louwerse 2014
- “Lu Chi’s The Art of Writing ”
- “Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Language ”, Yang 2013
- “Utopian for Beginners: An Amateur Linguist Loses Control of the Language He Invented ”
- “International Art English ”, Rule & Levine 2012
- “SpeechJammer ”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
- “SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance With Delayed Auditory Feedback ”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
- “A Cross-Language Perspective On Speech Information Rate ”, Pellegrino et al 2011
- “Abraham Lincoln and the First-Person Plural: A Study in Language and Leadership ”, Field 2011
- “Universal Entropy of Word Ordering Across Linguistic Families ”, Montemurro & Zanette 2011
- “Précis of How Children Learn the Meanings of Words ”, Bloom 2010
- “Language Evolution in the Laboratory ”, Scott-Phillips & Kirby 2010
- “Where Do Personal Pronouns Come From? ”, Bancel & L’etang 2010
- “Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the ‘Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax’ ”, Krupnik & Müller-Wille 2010
- “Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the ‘Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax’ ”, Krupnik & Müller-Wille 2010
- “The Structure of Individual Differences in the Cognitive Abilities of Children and Chimpanzees § Table 1. Primate Cognition Test Battery: Description of Tasks and Mean Proportion (With Standard Deviation) of Correct Responses by Chimpanzees and Human Children ”, Herrmann et al 2010 (page 4)
- “Gravity Has No Friends ”, Perlin 2009
- “Language Encodes Geographical Information ”, Louwerse & Zwaan 2009
- “Habitat Chronicles: The Untold History of Toontown’s SpeedChat (Or BlockChat™ from Disney Finally Arrives) ”, Farmer 2007
- “Diversity in Saami Terminology for Reindeer, Snow, and Ice ”, Magga 2006
- “An Example of Statistical Investigation of the Text Eugene Onegin Concerning the Connection of Samples in Chains ”, Markov 2006
- “Least Effort and the Origins of Scaling in Human Language ”, Cancho & Sole 2003
- “Data Compression and Entropy Estimates by Non-Sequential Recursive Pair Substitution ”, Grassberger 2002
- “Breaking the Barrier? Children Fail to Translate Their Preverbal Memories into Language ”, Simcock & Hayne 2002
- “Estimating and Comparing Entropy across Written Natural Languages Using PPM Compression ”, Behr et al 2002
- “Vocabulary and General Intelligence ”, Jensen 2001
- “What Do You Care What Other People Think § It’s As Simple As One, Two, Three ”, Feynman 2001
- “The Distribution of N-Grams ”, Egghe 2000
- “Text Compression As a Test for Artificial Intelligence ”, Mahoney 1999
- “The Entropy Of English Using Ppm-Based Models ”, Teahan 1996
- “Processing Linguistic Probabilities: General Principles and Empirical Evidence ”, Budescu & Wallsten 1995
- “Entropy of Natural Languages: Theory and Experiment ”, Levitin & Reingold 1994
- “The Perception of Rhythm in Language ”, Cutler 1994
- “When It Is Better to Receive Than to Give: Syntactic and Conceptual Constraints on Vocabulary Growth ”, Fisher et al 1994
- “How Could a Child Use Verb Syntax to Learn Verb Semantics? ”, Pinker 1994
- “Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank ”, Marcus et al 1993
- “A Silent Childhood ”, Rymer 1992
- “Writing Is a Technology That Restructures Thought ”, Ong 1992
- Epistemology and Cognition, Fetzer 1991
- “A Dynamic Systems Model of Cognitive and Language Growth ”, Geert 1991
- “An Extended Family With a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder ”, Hurst et al 1990
- Literacy Theory and Research: Analyses from Multiple Paradigms. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the National Reading Conference (39th, Austin, Texas, November 28–December 2, 198935ya), Zutell & McCormick 1990
- “What’s Wrong With This Lagrangean? ”, Mermin 1988
- “Etymology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore ”, Shapiro 1987
- “How Much Do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory ”, Landauer 1986
- “Comparative Patterns of Reading Eye Movement in Chinese and English ”
- “Linguistic and Other Psychological Aspects of Paroxysmal Aphasia ”, Lecours & Joanette 1980
- “A Convergent Gambling Estimate Of The Entropy Of English ”, Cover & King 1978
- “A Divided Mind: Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres ”, Ledoux et al 1977
- Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives, Ponnamperuma & Cameron 1974
- “Studies in Word Listing: Some Norms and Their Reliability ”, Brown 1972
- “An Atomist Illustration In Aristotle ”, West 1969
- “Distributional Structure ”, Harris 1954
- “Prediction and Entropy of Printed English ”, Shannon 1951
- “Chance Remarks ”, Pierce 1949
- “Chance Remarks § Shannon’s n-Gram Generations ”, Pierce 1949 (page 4)
- “John Wilkins’s Analytical Language ”, Borges 1942
- “A Secret Vice ”, Tolkien 1931
- “The Chaos ”, Trenité 1922
- “The Chaos ”, Trenité 1922
- “The World I Live In § XI. Before The Soul Dawn ”, Keller 1904
- “An Estimate of an Upper Bound for the Entropy of English ”
- “Heavenlore ”
- “What Is Anglish? ”
- “List of Pangrams ”
- “Compound Pejoratives on Reddit: from ‘Buttface’ to ‘Wankpuffin’ ”
- “This Word Does Not Exist [Github] ”
- “SpeechJammer Homepage ”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2025
- “A Linguist on Arrival’s Alien Language ”
- “SuperGLUE Benchmark ”
- “Relation of Word Order and Compression Ratio and Degree of Structure ”
- “Urban Dead: The Zombie Lexicon ”
- “I Was a Teacher for 17 Years, but I Couldn’t Read or Write ”
- “A Language of Beautiful Impurity ”
- “Functional Specificity for High-Level Linguistic Processing in the Human Brain ”
- “An abjad for English ”
- “Seraphim: An Angelic Conlang for Agma Schwa’s Cursed Conlang Contest ”
- “‘Mother’ ”
- promptengineer
- “Propaganda As Literature: A Distant Reading of the Korean Central News Agency’s Headlines ”, Marquez 2025
- Sort By Magic
- Wikipedia
- Miscellaneous
- Bibliography
Gwern
“Weinersmith’s Trajectoid Words ”, Gwern 2024
“Subscripts For Citations ”, Gwern 2020
“Abs-E, Or, Speak Only Positively ”, Gwern 2024
“text2epositive.py ”, Gwern 2024
“On the Existence of Powerful Natural Languages ”, Gwern 2016
Links
“Training Language Models for Social Deduction With Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning ”, Sarkar et al 2025
Training Language Models for Social Deduction with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
“A Marriage Proposal Spoken Entirely in Office Jargon ”, Barber 2025
A Marriage Proposal Spoken Entirely in Office Jargon
“Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languages ”, Brinkmann et al 2025
“A Humanized NOVA1 Splicing Factor Alters Mouse Vocal Communications ”
A humanized NOVA1 splicing factor alters mouse vocal communications
“Trajectoid ”, Weinersmith 2024
“ABBYY’s Bitter Lesson: How Linguists Lost the Last Battle for NLP ”, Skorinkin 2024
ABBYY’s Bitter Lesson: How Linguists Lost the Last Battle for NLP
“Rapid Formation of Picture-Word Association in Cats ”, Takagi et al 2024
“Why Concepts Are (Probably) Vectors ”, Piantadosi et al 2024
“Language Is Primarily a Tool for Communication rather than Thought ”, Fedorenko et al 2024
Language is primarily a tool for communication rather than thought
“Linguistics-Based Formalization of the Antibody Language As a Basis for Antibody Language Models ”, Vu et al 2024
Linguistics-based formalization of the antibody language as a basis for antibody language models
“African Elephants Address One Another With Individually Specific Name-Like Calls ”, Pardo et al 2024
African elephants address one another with individually specific name-like calls
“The Language Network As a Natural Kind within the Broader Landscape of the Human Brain ”, Fedorenko et al 2024b
The language network as a natural kind within the broader landscape of the human brain
“Language Generation in the Limit ”, Kleinberg & Mullainathan 2024
“An Abundance of Katherines: The Game Theory of Baby Naming ”, Blumer et al 2024
“Language Models Learn Rare Phenomena from Less Rare Phenomena: The Case of the Missing AANNs ”, Misra & Mahowald 2024
Language Models Learn Rare Phenomena from Less Rare Phenomena: The Case of the Missing AANNs
“The ‘After You’ Gesture in a Bird ”, Suzuki & Sugita 2024
“Teaching Large Language Models an Unseen Language on the Fly ”, Zhang et al 2024
Teaching Large Language Models an Unseen Language on the Fly
“The OED on Wrong: Delving into the History of a Tricky Word ”, Stephenson 2024
The OED on Wrong: Delving into the history of a tricky word
“[On Gricean Maxims] ”, Munroe 2024
“Grounded Language Acquisition through the Eyes and Ears of a Single Child ”, Vong et al 2024
Grounded language acquisition through the eyes and ears of a single child
“Mission: Impossible Language Models ”, Kallini et al 2024
“A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates ”, Millière & Buckner 2024
A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates
“Large Language Models Are Able to Downplay Their Cognitive Abilities to Fit the Persona They Simulate ”, Milička et al 2024
“Generalization in Sensorimotor Networks Configured With Natural Language Instructions ”, Riveland & Pouget 2023
Generalization in Sensorimotor Networks Configured with Natural Language Instructions
“MTOB: A Benchmark for Learning to Translate a New Language from One Grammar Book ”, Tanzer et al 2023
MTOB: A Benchmark for Learning to Translate a New Language from One Grammar Book
“Testing My Speech Jammer In Public ”, Jordan 2023
“Testing My Speech Jammer In Public § Speech Jammer Immunity ”, Jordan 2023
Testing My Speech Jammer In Public § Speech Jammer Immunity
“The Architecture of a Biologically Plausible Language Organ ”, Mitropolsky & Papadimitriou 2023
“From Word Models to World Models: Translating from Natural Language to the Probabilistic Language of Thought ”, Wong et al 2023
“TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English? ”, Eldan & Li 2023
TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?
“Approaching an Unknown Communication System by Latent Space Exploration and Causal Inference ”, Beguš et al 2023
Approaching an unknown communication system by latent space exploration and causal inference
“When Watching TV Shows or Movies in Your Native Language, Do You Generally Prefer to Have the Subtitles on or Off? § By Age ”, YouGov 2023
“Human-Like Systematic Generalization through a Meta-Learning Neural Network ”, Lake & Baroni 2023
Human-like systematic generalization through a meta-learning neural network
“Can Language Models Handle Recursively Nested Grammatical Structures? A Case Study on Comparing Models and Humans ”, Lampinen 2022
“Semantic Projection Recovers Rich Human Knowledge of Multiple Object Features from Word Embeddings ”, Grand et al 2022
Semantic projection recovers rich human knowledge of multiple object features from word embeddings
“Machine Learning Reveals Cryptic Dialects That Explain Mate Choice in a Songbird ”, Wang et al 2022
Machine learning reveals cryptic dialects that explain mate choice in a songbird
“Exact Number Concepts Are Limited to the Verbal Count Range ”, Pitt et al 2022
“Maternal Judgments of Child Numeracy and Reading Ability Predict Gains in Academic Achievement and Interest ”, Parker et al 2021
“The Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Based on the PRISMA Method ”, Giovannoli et al 2020
“Cultural Influences on Word Meanings Revealed through Large-Scale Semantic Alignment ”, Thompson et al 2020
Cultural influences on word meanings revealed through large-scale semantic alignment
“Can Neural Networks Acquire a Structural Bias from Raw Linguistic Data? ”, Warstadt & Bowman 2020
Can neural networks acquire a structural bias from raw linguistic data?
“Generative Adversarial Phonology: Modeling Unsupervised Phonetic and Phonological Learning With Neural Networks ”, Beguš 2020
“CiwGAN and FiwGAN: Encoding Information in Acoustic Data to Model Lexical Learning With Generative Adversarial Networks ”, Beguš 2020
“Can Multilingual Language Models Transfer to an Unseen Dialect? A Case Study on North African Arabizi ”, Muller et al 2020
“How People Read Online: New and Old Findings ”, Moran 2020
“Testing the Babble Hypothesis: Speaking Time Predicts Leader Emergence in Small Groups ”, MacLaren et al 2020
Testing the babble hypothesis: Speaking time predicts leader emergence in small groups
“The the the the Induction of Jamais Vu in the Laboratory: Word Alienation and Semantic Satiation ”, Moulin et al 2020
The the the the induction of Jamais Vu in the laboratory: word alienation and semantic satiation
“The Dilution of Precise Concepts ”, Crawford 2020
The dilution of precise concepts
“Building the Perfect Curse Word: A Psycholinguistic Investigation of the Form and Meaning of Taboo Words ”, Reilly et al 2020
“How Many Words Do We Read per Minute? A Review and Meta-Analysis of Reading Rate ”, Brysbaert 2019
How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate
“Different Languages, Similar Encoding Efficiency: Comparable Information Rates across the Human Communicative Niche ”, Coupé et al 2019
“What BERT Is Not: Lessons from a New Suite of Psycholinguistic Diagnostics for Language Models ”, Ettinger 2019
What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language models
“Human Few-Shot Learning of Compositional Instructions ”, Lake et al 2019
“Humans Store about 1.5 Megabytes of Information during Language Acquisition ”, Mollica & Piantadosi 2019
Humans store about 1.5 megabytes of information during language acquisition
“Remembering Jerry Fodor and His Work ”, Rey 2018
“Mister Rogers’s Simple Set of Rules for Talking to Kids ”, King 2018
“Loyal to the Group of 17’s Story—The Just Man ”, Wolfe 2018
“Pristine Inner Experience While Silent Reading: It’s not Silent Speaking of the Text ”, Brouwers et al 2018
Pristine inner experience while silent reading: It’s not silent speaking of the text
“Alarm Calls Evoke a Visual Search Image of a Predator in Birds ”, Suzuki 2018
Alarm calls evoke a visual search image of a predator in birds
“Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Only ”, Lample et al 2017
Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Only
“Word Translation Without Parallel Data ”, Conneau et al 2017
“Linguistically Deprived Children: Meta-Analysis of Published Research Underlines the Importance of Early Syntactic Language Use for Normal Brain Development ”, Vyshedskiy et al 2017
“Learning Cooperative Visual Dialog Agents With Deep Reinforcement Learning ”, Das et al 2017
Learning Cooperative Visual Dialog Agents with Deep Reinforcement Learning
“MultiArith: Solving General Arithmetic Word Problems ”, Roy & Roth 2016
“How Many Words Do We Know? Practical Estimates of Vocabulary Size Dependent on Word Definition, the Degree of Language Input and the Participant’s Age ”, Brysbaert et al 2016
“#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities ”, Chancellor et al 2016
#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities
“Language and Thought Are Not the Same Thing: Evidence from Neuroimaging and Neurological Patients ”, Fedorenko & Varley 2016
Language and thought are not the same thing: evidence from neuroimaging and neurological patients
“The Failure of Analysis and the Nature of Concepts ”, Huemer 2015
“The Idiom Principle Revisited ”, Siyanova-Chanturia & Martinez 2014
“A Few Goodmen: Surname-Sharing Economist Coauthors ”, Goodman et al 2014
“Grounding the Ungrounded: Estimating Locations of Unknown Place Names from Linguistic Associations and Grounded Representations ”, Recchia & Louwerse 2014
“Lu Chi’s The Art of Writing ”
Lu Chi’s The Art of Writing
“Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Language ”, Yang 2013
“Utopian for Beginners: An Amateur Linguist Loses Control of the Language He Invented ”
Utopian for Beginners: An amateur linguist loses control of the language he invented
“International Art English ”, Rule & Levine 2012
“SpeechJammer ”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
“SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance With Delayed Auditory Feedback ”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance with Delayed Auditory Feedback
“A Cross-Language Perspective On Speech Information Rate ”, Pellegrino et al 2011
“Abraham Lincoln and the First-Person Plural: A Study in Language and Leadership ”, Field 2011
Abraham Lincoln and the First-Person Plural: A Study in Language and Leadership
“Universal Entropy of Word Ordering Across Linguistic Families ”, Montemurro & Zanette 2011
Universal Entropy of Word Ordering Across Linguistic Families
“Précis of How Children Learn the Meanings of Words ”, Bloom 2010
“Language Evolution in the Laboratory ”, Scott-Phillips & Kirby 2010
“Where Do Personal Pronouns Come From? ”, Bancel & L’etang 2010
“Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the ‘Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax’ ”, Krupnik & Müller-Wille 2010
“The Structure of Individual Differences in the Cognitive Abilities of Children and Chimpanzees § Table 1. Primate Cognition Test Battery: Description of Tasks and Mean Proportion (With Standard Deviation) of Correct Responses by Chimpanzees and Human Children ”, Herrmann et al 2010 (page 4)
“Gravity Has No Friends ”, Perlin 2009
“Language Encodes Geographical Information ”, Louwerse & Zwaan 2009
“Habitat Chronicles: The Untold History of Toontown’s SpeedChat (Or BlockChat™ from Disney Finally Arrives) ”, Farmer 2007
“Diversity in Saami Terminology for Reindeer, Snow, and Ice ”, Magga 2006
“An Example of Statistical Investigation of the Text Eugene Onegin Concerning the Connection of Samples in Chains ”, Markov 2006
“Least Effort and the Origins of Scaling in Human Language ”, Cancho & Sole 2003
“Data Compression and Entropy Estimates by Non-Sequential Recursive Pair Substitution ”, Grassberger 2002
Data Compression and Entropy Estimates by Non-sequential Recursive Pair Substitution
“Breaking the Barrier? Children Fail to Translate Their Preverbal Memories into Language ”, Simcock & Hayne 2002
Breaking the Barrier? Children Fail to Translate Their Preverbal Memories into Language
“Estimating and Comparing Entropy across Written Natural Languages Using PPM Compression ”, Behr et al 2002
Estimating and Comparing Entropy across Written Natural Languages Using PPM Compression
“Vocabulary and General Intelligence ”, Jensen 2001
“What Do You Care What Other People Think § It’s As Simple As One, Two, Three ”, Feynman 2001
What Do You Care What Other People Think § It’s as Simple as One, Two, Three
“The Distribution of N-Grams ”, Egghe 2000
“Text Compression As a Test for Artificial Intelligence ”, Mahoney 1999
“The Entropy Of English Using Ppm-Based Models ”, Teahan 1996
The Entropy Of English Using Ppm-Based Models
“Processing Linguistic Probabilities: General Principles and Empirical Evidence ”, Budescu & Wallsten 1995
Processing Linguistic Probabilities: General Principles and Empirical Evidence
“Entropy of Natural Languages: Theory and Experiment ”, Levitin & Reingold 1994
“The Perception of Rhythm in Language ”, Cutler 1994
“When It Is Better to Receive Than to Give: Syntactic and Conceptual Constraints on Vocabulary Growth ”, Fisher et al 1994
When it is better to receive than to give: Syntactic and conceptual constraints on vocabulary growth
“How Could a Child Use Verb Syntax to Learn Verb Semantics? ”, Pinker 1994
“Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank ”, Marcus et al 1993
Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank
“A Silent Childhood ”, Rymer 1992
“Writing Is a Technology That Restructures Thought ”, Ong 1992
Epistemology and Cognition, Fetzer 1991
“A Dynamic Systems Model of Cognitive and Language Growth ”, Geert 1991
“An Extended Family With a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder ”, Hurst et al 1990
An extended Family with a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder
Literacy Theory and Research: Analyses from Multiple Paradigms. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the National Reading Conference (39th, Austin, Texas, November 28–December 2, 198935ya), Zutell & McCormick 1990
“What’s Wrong With This Lagrangean? ”, Mermin 1988
“Etymology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore ”, Shapiro 1987
Etymology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore
“How Much Do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory ”, Landauer 1986
“Comparative Patterns of Reading Eye Movement in Chinese and English ”
Comparative patterns of reading eye movement in Chinese and English
“Linguistic and Other Psychological Aspects of Paroxysmal Aphasia ”, Lecours & Joanette 1980
Linguistic and other psychological aspects of paroxysmal aphasia
“A Convergent Gambling Estimate Of The Entropy Of English ”, Cover & King 1978
“A Divided Mind: Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres ”, Ledoux et al 1977
A divided mind: Observations on the conscious properties of the separated hemispheres
Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives, Ponnamperuma & Cameron 1974
“Studies in Word Listing: Some Norms and Their Reliability ”, Brown 1972
“An Atomist Illustration In Aristotle ”, West 1969
“Distributional Structure ”, Harris 1954
“Prediction and Entropy of Printed English ”, Shannon 1951
“Chance Remarks ”, Pierce 1949
“Chance Remarks § Shannon’s n-Gram Generations ”, Pierce 1949 (page 4)
“John Wilkins’s Analytical Language ”, Borges 1942
“A Secret Vice ”, Tolkien 1931
“The Chaos ”, Trenité 1922
“The World I Live In § XI. Before The Soul Dawn ”, Keller 1904
“An Estimate of an Upper Bound for the Entropy of English ”
An estimate of an upper bound for the entropy of English
“Heavenlore ”
“What Is Anglish? ”
“List of Pangrams ”
“Compound Pejoratives on Reddit: from ‘Buttface’ to ‘Wankpuffin’ ”
Compound pejoratives on Reddit: from ‘buttface’ to ‘wankpuffin’
“This Word Does Not Exist [Github] ”
“SpeechJammer Homepage ”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2025
“A Linguist on Arrival’s Alien Language ”
“SuperGLUE Benchmark ”
“Relation of Word Order and Compression Ratio and Degree of Structure ”
Relation of Word Order and Compression Ratio and Degree of Structure
“Urban Dead: The Zombie Lexicon ”
“I Was a Teacher for 17 Years, but I Couldn’t Read or Write ”
“A Language of Beautiful Impurity ”
“Functional Specificity for High-Level Linguistic Processing in the Human Brain ”
Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain
“An abjad for English ”
“Seraphim: An Angelic Conlang for Agma Schwa’s Cursed Conlang Contest ”
Seraphim: An Angelic Conlang for Agma Schwa’s Cursed Conlang Contest
“‘Mother’ ”
promptengineer
“Propaganda As Literature: A Distant Reading of the Korean Central News Agency’s Headlines ”, Marquez 2025
Propaganda as Literature: A Distant Reading of the Korean Central News Agency’s Headlines
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Beginning with the newest annotation, it uses the embedding of each annotation to attempt to create a list of nearest-neighbor annotations, creating a progression of topics. For more details, see the link.
Wikipedia
Miscellaneous
/doc/psychology/ linguistics/ 2024-12-04-gwern-trajectoid-words.txt : /doc/psychology/ linguistics/ 2025-hong.pdf : http://sparkplugged.net/ 2007/ 10/ outsider-speed-rap-extraordinaire/ : https://academic.oup.com/ pnasnexus/ article/ 2/ 12/ pgad384/ 7457938 https://aclanthology.org/ D10-1115.pdf : https://antigonejournal.com/ 2024/ 01/ decipherment-linear-b/ : https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.92.5610&rep=rep1&type=pdf https://english.stackexchange.com/ questions/ 9780/ did-english-ever-have-a-formal-version-of-you https://gigamonkeys.com/ code-reading/ : https://hedgehogreview.com/ issues/ markets-and-the-good/ articles/ language-machinery https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/ nll/ ?p=61810#more-61810 : https://nautil.us/ the-man-who-invented-modern-probability-234497/ : https://plato.stanford.edu/ entries/ generics/ : https://publicdomainreview.org/ collection/ dictionary-of-modern-slang/ https://publicdomainreview.org/ essay/ early-androids-and-artificial-speech/ https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2021/ 08/ QNRs_FHI-TR-2021-3.0.pdf https://www.lesswrong.com/ posts/ soQX8yXLbKy7cFvy8/ entropy-and-short-codes : https://www.nytimes.com/ 2019/ 11/ 16/ opinion/ sunday/ pronouns-quakers.html https://www.nytimes.com/ 2023/ 09/ 20/ magazine/ animal-communication.html https://www.nytimes.com/ 2024/ 05/ 07/ science/ whale-song-alphabet.html https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/ dog-language-geniuses-are-rare-but-apparently-real/ https://www.smbc-comics.com/ comic/ ex-2 : https://www.zompist.com/ kitlong.html#howmany :
Bibliography
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