‘language’ directory
- See Also
- Gwern
- Links
- “Large Language Models and the Entropy of English”, Scheibner et al 2025
- “How Recent Is Recent? Retrospective Analysis of Suspiciously Timeless Citations”, Díez-Vidal & Arribas 2025
- “Linguistic Structure from a Bottleneck on Sequential Information Processing”, Futrell & Hahn 2025
- “Literacy Is Decreasing Among the Intellectual Class”, Lunt 2025
- “Does the Light Novel Translation Process Need AI?”, Orsini 2025
- “Ulangizi AI Helps Farmers in Malawi With Advice about Pests, Drought, and Climate Change”, Wangari 2025
- “The Wind, a Pole, and the Dragon [Reverse-Engineering a Mangled Machine Translation]”, kqr 2025
- “How AI and Wikipedia Have Sent Vulnerable Languages into a Doom Spiral: Machine Translators Have Made It Easier Than Ever to Create Error-Plagued Wikipedia Articles in Obscure Languages. What Happens When AI Models Get Trained on Junk Pages?”, Judah 2025
- “The Astral Codex Ten Commentariat (‘Why Do We Suck?’) [Scrape & Linguistic Analysis]”, Anonymous 2025
- “The Emoji Tongue: If 😂 Was a Word, Would That Make Emoji a Language?”, Houston 2025
- “Finding Palindromes With Language Models”, Nichol 2025
- “OpenAI Charges by the Minute, So Make the Minutes Shorter”, Mandis 2025
- “Why English Doesn’t Use Accents: And Why French Is Full of Them”, Gorrie 2025
- “‘Dog’ Is a Weird Word: Where Animal Names Come From”, Gorrie 2025
- “Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt When Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task”, Kosmyna et al 2025
- “Square Theory [Commutative Diagram Double-Entendres]”, Aaronson 2025
- “Semen and Semantics: Understanding Porn With Language Embeddings”, future_detective 2025
- “Accents in Latent Spaces: How AI Hears Accent Strength in English”, Friedman & Usorov 2025
- “The Art of Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Diplomacy: Unraveling the Secrets of Successful Negotiations Using Machine Learning”, Norton et al 2025
- “When ChatGPT Broke an Entire Field: An Oral History”, Pavlus 2025
- “Review: Road Belong Cargo, by Peter Lawrence”, Psmith 2025
- “Cathoven: Enhancing Language Acquisition through Tailored Input and Targeted Output Feedback”, Hong & Lin 2025
- “Training Language Models for Social Deduction With Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning”, Sarkar et al 2025
- “Visual Theory of Mind Enables the Invention of Proto-Writing”, Spiegel et al 2025
- “A Marriage Proposal Spoken Entirely in Office Jargon”, Barber 2025
- “ELIZA Reanimated: The World’s First Chatbot Restored on the World’s First Time Sharing System”, Lane et al 2025
- “Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languages”, Brinkmann et al 2025
- “A Humanized NOVA1 Splicing Factor Alters Mouse Vocal Communications”
- “Trajectoid”, Weinersmith 2024
- “Fractal Patterns May Illuminate the Success of Next-Token Prediction”, Alabdulmohsin et al 2024
- “ABBYY’s Bitter Lesson: How Linguists Lost the Last Battle for NLP”, Skorinkin 2024
- “Rapid Formation of Picture-Word Association in Cats”, Takagi et al 2024
- “Why Concepts Are (Probably) Vectors”, Piantadosi et al 2024
- “Language Is Primarily a Tool for Communication rather than Thought”, Fedorenko et al 2024
- “Linguistics-Based Formalization of the Antibody Language As a Basis for Antibody Language Models”, Vu et al 2024
- “African Elephants Address One Another With Individually Specific Name-Like Calls”, Pardo et al 2024
- “The Language Network As a Natural Kind within the Broader Landscape of the Human Brain”, Fedorenko et al 2024b
- “Language Generation in the Limit”, Kleinberg & Mullainathan 2024
- “An Abundance of Katherines: The Game Theory of Baby Naming”, Blumer et al 2024
- “Language Models Learn Rare Phenomena from Less Rare Phenomena: The Case of the Missing AANNs”, Misra & Mahowald 2024
- “The ‘After You’ Gesture in a Bird”, Suzuki & Sugita 2024
- “3 Reasons Why AI Doesn’t Model Human Language”, Bolhuis et al 2024
- “Teaching Large Language Models an Unseen Language on the Fly”, Zhang et al 2024
- “The OED on Wrong: Delving into the History of a Tricky Word”, Stephenson 2024
- “[On Gricean Maxims]”, Munroe 2024
- “Grounded Language Acquisition through the Eyes and Ears of a Single Child”, Vong et al 2024
- “Mission: Impossible Language Models”, Kallini et al 2024
- “A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates”, Millière & Buckner 2024
- “Large Language Models Are Able to Downplay Their Cognitive Abilities to Fit the Persona They Simulate”, Milička et al 2024
- “Book Review: Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word, Walter J. Ong”, Fettes 2023
- “Generalization in Sensorimotor Networks Configured With Natural Language Instructions”, Riveland & Pouget 2023
- “Getting Aligned on Representational Alignment”, Sucholutsky et al 2023
- “MTOB: A Benchmark for Learning to Translate a New Language from One Grammar Book”, Tanzer et al 2023
- “Testing My Speech Jammer In Public”, Jordan 2023
- “Testing My Speech Jammer In Public § Speech Jammer Immunity”, Jordan 2023
- “The Architecture of a Biologically Plausible Language Organ”, Mitropolsky & Papadimitriou 2023
- “From Word Models to World Models: Translating from Natural Language to the Probabilistic Language of Thought”, Wong et al 2023
- “TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?”, Eldan & Li 2023
- “Approaching an Unknown Communication System by Latent Space Exploration and Causal Inference”, Beguš et al 2023
- “When Watching TV Shows or Movies in Your Native Language, Do You Generally Prefer to Have the Subtitles on or Off? § By Age”, YouGov 2023
- “They Don’t Read Very Well: A Study of the Reading Comprehension Skills of English Majors at Two Midwestern Universities”
- “Human-Like Systematic Generalization through a Meta-Learning Neural Network”, Lake & Baroni 2023
- “Can Language Models Handle Recursively Nested Grammatical Structures? A Case Study on Comparing Models and Humans”, Lampinen 2022
- “Unsupervised Deep Learning Supports Reclassification of Bronze Age Cypriot Writing System”, Corazza et al 2022
- “Semantic Projection Recovers Rich Human Knowledge of Multiple Object Features from Word Embeddings”, Grand et al 2022
- “Machine Learning Reveals Cryptic Dialects That Explain Mate Choice in a Songbird”, Wang et al 2022
- “Exact Number Concepts Are Limited to the Verbal Count Range”, Pitt et al 2022
- “A Modest Spelling Reform to Increase Autologicity, Symmetry, and Readability”
- “Don’t Be Misled or Go Awry With ‘Book Words’: The Many Ways English Spelling Can Embarrass You”, Harbeck 2022
- “Maternal Judgments of Child Numeracy and Reading Ability Predict Gains in Academic Achievement and Interest”, Parker et al 2021
- “The Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Based on the PRISMA Method”, Giovannoli et al 2020
- “Cultural Influences on Word Meanings Revealed through Large-Scale Semantic Alignment”, Thompson et al 2020
- “Can Neural Networks Acquire a Structural Bias from Raw Linguistic Data?”, Warstadt & Bowman 2020
- “Generative Adversarial Phonology: Modeling Unsupervised Phonetic and Phonological Learning With Neural Networks”, Beguš 2020
- “CiwGAN and FiwGAN: Encoding Information in Acoustic Data to Model Lexical Learning With Generative Adversarial Networks”, Beguš 2020
- “Can Multilingual Language Models Transfer to an Unseen Dialect? A Case Study on North African Arabizi”, Muller et al 2020
- “How People Read Online: New and Old Findings”, Moran 2020
- “Testing the Babble Hypothesis: Speaking Time Predicts Leader Emergence in Small Groups”, MacLaren et al 2020
- “The the the the Induction of Jamais Vu in the Laboratory: Word Alienation and Semantic Satiation”, Moulin et al 2020
- “The Dilution of Precise Concepts”, Crawford 2020
- “Building the Perfect Curse Word: A Psycholinguistic Investigation of the Form and Meaning of Taboo Words”, Reilly et al 2020
- “The Monolingual Approach in American Linguistic Fieldwork”, Thomas 2020
- “How Many Words Do We Read per Minute? A Review and Meta-Analysis of Reading Rate”, Brysbaert 2019
- “Different Languages, Similar Encoding Efficiency: Comparable Information Rates across the Human Communicative Niche”, Coupé et al 2019
- “What BERT Is Not: Lessons from a New Suite of Psycholinguistic Diagnostics for Language Models”, Ettinger 2019
- “Human Few-Shot Learning of Compositional Instructions”, Lake et al 2019
- “Humans Store about 1.5 Megabytes of Information during Language Acquisition”, Mollica & Piantadosi 2019
- “Remembering Jerry Fodor and His Work”, Rey 2018
- “Mister Rogers’s Simple Set of Rules for Talking to Kids”, King 2018
- “Loyal to the Group of 17’s Story—The Just Man”, Wolfe 2018
- “Pristine Inner Experience While Silent Reading: It’s not Silent Speaking of the Text”, Brouwers et al 2018
- “Unparalleled Misalignments [Quadruple Entendres]”, Heicklen 2018
- “Alarm Calls Evoke a Visual Search Image of a Predator in Birds”, Suzuki 2018
- “Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Only”, Lample et al 2017
- “Word Translation Without Parallel Data”, Conneau et al 2017
- “Linguistically Deprived Children: Meta-Analysis of Published Research Underlines the Importance of Early Syntactic Language Use for Normal Brain Development”, Vyshedskiy et al 2017
- “Learning Cooperative Visual Dialog Agents With Deep Reinforcement Learning”, Das et al 2017
- “Estimation of Gap Between Current Language Models and Human Performance”, Shen et al 2017
- “MultiArith: Solving General Arithmetic Word Problems”, Roy & Roth 2016
- “How Many Words Do We Know? Practical Estimates of Vocabulary Size Dependent on Word Definition, the Degree of Language Input and the Participant’s Age”, Brysbaert et al 2016
- “How Many Books Do You Think Donald Trump Reads? [Trump Rhetoric As Ordinary Speech]”, nydwracu 2016
- “The Logical Primitives of Thought: Empirical Foundations for Compositional Cognitive Models”, Piantadosi et al 2016
- “A Martian Sends a Postcard Home [With Commentary]”, Raine & Welford 2016
- “
#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities”, Chancellor et al 2016 - “Language and Thought Are Not the Same Thing: Evidence from Neuroimaging and Neurological Patients”, Fedorenko & Varley 2016
- “Marriage of Many Years”, Gioia 2016
- “The Missing 11th of the Month”, Hagen 2015
- “The Failure of Analysis and the Nature of Concepts”, Huemer 2015
- “Alien (Typeset In The Future)”, Addey 2014
- “Understanding Scaling through History-Dependent Processes With Collapsing Sample Space”, Corominas-Murtra et al 2014
- “How to Tell Someone’s Age When All You Know Is Her Name”, Silver & McCann 2014
- “The Idiom Principle Revisited”, Siyanova-Chanturia & Martinez 2014
- “A Few Goodmen: Surname-Sharing Economist Coauthors”, Goodman et al 2014
- “Grounding the Ungrounded: Estimating Locations of Unknown Place Names from Linguistic Associations and Grounded Representations”, Recchia & Louwerse 2014
- “Lu Chi’s The Art of Writing”
- “Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Language”, Yang 2013
- “Utopian for Beginners: An Amateur Linguist Loses Control of the Language He Invented”
- “International Art English”, Rule & Levine 2012
- “SpeechJammer”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
- “SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance With Delayed Auditory Feedback”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
- “Tiramisu [Lexical Gaps in English Borrowing from Latin]”, Pullum 2011
- “A Cross-Language Perspective On Speech Information Rate”, Pellegrino et al 2011
- “Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch”, Collobert et al 2011
- “Abraham Lincoln and the First-Person Plural: A Study in Language and Leadership”, Field 2011
- “Universal Entropy of Word Ordering Across Linguistic Families”, Montemurro & Zanette 2011
- “Précis of How Children Learn the Meanings of Words”, Bloom 2010
- “Language Evolution in the Laboratory”, Scott-Phillips & Kirby 2010
- “Where Do Personal Pronouns Come From?”, Bancel & L’etang 2010
- “Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the ‘Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax’”, Krupnik & Müller-Wille 2010
- “The Structure of Individual Differences in the Cognitive Abilities of Children and Chimpanzees § Table 1. Primate Cognition Test Battery: Description of Tasks and Mean Proportion (With Standard Deviation) of Correct Responses by Chimpanzees and Human Children”, Herrmann et al 2010 (page 4)
- “Gravity Has No Friends”, Perlin 2009
- “Language Encodes Geographical Information”, Louwerse & Zwaan 2009
- “
IndoEuropeanTree.svg: Partial Family Tree of Indo-European Languages”, Mandrak 2008 - “The Untold History of Toontown’s SpeedChat (Or BlockChat™ from Disney Finally Arrives) [Habitat Chronicles]”, Farmer 2007
- “Diversity in Saami Terminology for Reindeer, Snow, and Ice”, Magga 2006
- “An Example of Statistical Investigation of the Text Eugene Onegin Concerning the Connection of Samples in Chains”, Markov 2006
- “Language Is Never, Ever, Ever, Random”, Kilgarriff 2005
- “Least Effort and the Origins of Scaling in Human Language”, Cancho & Sole 2003
- “Data Compression and Entropy Estimates by Non-Sequential Recursive Pair Substitution”, Grassberger 2002
- “Breaking the Barrier? Children Fail to Translate Their Preverbal Memories into Language”, Simcock & Hayne 2002
- “Estimating and Comparing Entropy across Written Natural Languages Using PPM Compression”, Behr et al 2002
- “The Similarity Metric”, Li et al 2001
- “Kenneth Lee Pike (1912–2000)”, Headland 2001
- “Vocabulary and General Intelligence”, Jensen 2001
- “What Do You Care What Other People Think § It’s As Simple As One, Two, Three”, Feynman 2001
- “The Distribution of N-Grams”, Egghe 2000
- “Text Compression As a Test for Artificial Intelligence”, Mahoney 1999
- “Speech Accent Archive”, Weinberger 1998
- “The Entropy Of English Using Ppm-Based Models”, Teahan 1996
- “Processing Linguistic Probabilities: General Principles and Empirical Evidence”, Budescu & Wallsten 1995
- “Entropy of Natural Languages: Theory and Experiment”, Levitin & Reingold 1994
- “The Perception of Rhythm in Language”, Cutler 1994
- “When It Is Better to Receive Than to Give: Syntactic and Conceptual Constraints on Vocabulary Growth”, Fisher et al 1994
- “How Could a Child Use Verb Syntax to Learn Verb Semantics?”, Pinker 1994
- “Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank”, Marcus et al 1993
- “A Silent Childhood”, Rymer 1992
- “Writing Is a Technology That Restructures Thought”, Ong 1992
- Epistemology and Cognition, Fetzer 1991
- “A Dynamic Systems Model of Cognitive and Language Growth”, Geert 1991
- “An Extended Family With a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder”, Hurst et al 1990
- Literacy Theory and Research: Analyses from Multiple Paradigms. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the National Reading Conference (39th, Austin, Texas, November 28–December 2, 198935ya), Zutell & McCormick 1990
- “What’s Wrong With This Lagrangean?”, Mermin 1988
- “Etymology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore”, Shapiro 1987
- “How Much Do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory”, Landauer 1986
- “Comparative Patterns of Reading Eye Movement in Chinese and English”
- “Error Patterns in Novice and Skilled Transcription Typing”, Grudin 1983
- “Linguistic and Other Psychological Aspects of Paroxysmal Aphasia”, Lecours & Joanette 1980
- “A Convergent Gambling Estimate Of The Entropy Of English”, Cover & King 1978
- “A Divided Mind: Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres”, Ledoux et al 1977
- Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives, Ponnamperuma & Cameron 1974
- “Studies in Word Listing: Some Norms and Their Reliability”, Brown 1972
- “An Atomist Illustration In Aristotle”, West 1969
- “Inference in an Authorship Problem: A Comparative Study of Discrimination Methods Applied to the Authorship of the Disputed Federalist Papers”, Mosteller & Wallace 1963
- “Distributional Structure”, Harris 1954
- “The Population Frequencies Of Species And The Estimation Of Population Parameters”, Good 1953b
- “Prediction and Entropy of Printed English”, Shannon 1951
- “Chance Remarks”, Pierce 1949
- “Chance Remarks § Shannon’s n-Gram Generations”, Pierce 1949 (page 4)
- “John Wilkins’s Analytical Language”, Borges 1942
- The Ape and the Child: A Study of Environmental Influence Upon Early Behavior, Kellogg & Kellogg 1933
- “The Homeric Versions”, Borges 1932
- “A Secret Vice”, Tolkien 1931
- “The Chaos”, Trenité 1922
- “The World I Live In § XI. Before The Soul Dawn”, Keller 1904
- “An Estimate of an Upper Bound for the Entropy of English”
- “Heavenlore”
- “What Is Anglish?”
- “List of Pangrams”
- “Compound Pejoratives on Reddit: from ‘Buttface’ to ‘Wankpuffin’”
- “Drachenfutter [‘Dragon-Food’: Gift for Angry Wives]”
- “Windfucker”
- “This Word Does Not Exist [Github]”
- “College English Majors Can’t Read”
- “Reading across Books With Claude Code”
- “SpeechJammer Homepage”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2026
- “A Linguist on Arrival’s Alien Language”
- “SuperGLUE Benchmark”
- “Relation of Word Order and Compression Ratio and Degree of Structure”
- “Urban Dead: The Zombie Lexicon”
- “I Was a Teacher for 17 Years, but I Couldn’t Read or Write”
- “A Language of Beautiful Impurity”
- “‘Handsome’: Etymology, Origin & Meaning”
- “The Small World of English: Building a 1.5M Word Semantic Network for Language Games”
- “Functional Specificity for High-Level Linguistic Processing in the Human Brain”
- “An abjad for English”
- “Seraphim: An Angelic Conlang for Agma Schwa’s Cursed Conlang Contest”
- “‘Mother’”
- promptengineer
- “Propaganda As Literature: A Distant Reading of the Korean Central News Agency’s Headlines”, Marquez 2026
- Sort By Magic
- Wikipedia (59)
- Miscellaneous
- Bibliography
See Also
Gwern
“The Maze of Words”, Gwern & GPT-5 2025
“Weinersmith’s Trajectoid Words”, Gwern 2024
“Subscripts For Citations”, Gwern 2020
“Abs-E, Or, Speak Only Positively”, Gwern 2024
“text2epositive.py”, Gwern 2024
“On the Existence of Powerful Natural Languages”, Gwern 2016
Links
“Large Language Models and the Entropy of English”, Scheibner et al 2025
“How Recent Is Recent? Retrospective Analysis of Suspiciously Timeless Citations”, Díez-Vidal & Arribas 2025
How recent is recent? Retrospective analysis of suspiciously timeless citations
“Linguistic Structure from a Bottleneck on Sequential Information Processing”, Futrell & Hahn 2025
Linguistic structure from a bottleneck on sequential information processing
“Literacy Is Decreasing Among the Intellectual Class”, Lunt 2025
“Does the Light Novel Translation Process Need AI?”, Orsini 2025
“Ulangizi AI Helps Farmers in Malawi With Advice about Pests, Drought, and Climate Change”, Wangari 2025
Ulangizi AI helps farmers in Malawi with advice about pests, drought, and climate change
“The Wind, a Pole, and the Dragon [Reverse-Engineering a Mangled Machine Translation]”, kqr 2025
The Wind, a Pole, and the Dragon [reverse-engineering a mangled machine translation]
“How AI and Wikipedia Have Sent Vulnerable Languages into a Doom Spiral: Machine Translators Have Made It Easier Than Ever to Create Error-Plagued Wikipedia Articles in Obscure Languages. What Happens When AI Models Get Trained on Junk Pages?”, Judah 2025
“The Astral Codex Ten Commentariat (‘Why Do We Suck?’) [Scrape & Linguistic Analysis]”, Anonymous 2025
The Astral Codex Ten Commentariat (‘Why Do We Suck?’) [scrape & linguistic analysis]
“The Emoji Tongue: If 😂 Was a Word, Would That Make Emoji a Language?”, Houston 2025
The Emoji Tongue: If 😂 was a word, would that make emoji a language?
“Finding Palindromes With Language Models”, Nichol 2025
“OpenAI Charges by the Minute, So Make the Minutes Shorter”, Mandis 2025
“Why English Doesn’t Use Accents: And Why French Is Full of Them”, Gorrie 2025
Why English doesn’t use accents: And why French is full of them
“‘Dog’ Is a Weird Word: Where Animal Names Come From”, Gorrie 2025
“Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt When Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task”, Kosmyna et al 2025
“Square Theory [Commutative Diagram Double-Entendres]”, Aaronson 2025
“Semen and Semantics: Understanding Porn With Language Embeddings”, future_detective 2025
Semen and Semantics: Understanding Porn with Language Embeddings
“Accents in Latent Spaces: How AI Hears Accent Strength in English”, Friedman & Usorov 2025
Accents in Latent Spaces: How AI Hears Accent Strength in English
“The Art of Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Diplomacy: Unraveling the Secrets of Successful Negotiations Using Machine Learning”, Norton et al 2025
“When ChatGPT Broke an Entire Field: An Oral History”, Pavlus 2025
“Review: Road Belong Cargo, by Peter Lawrence”, Psmith 2025
“Cathoven: Enhancing Language Acquisition through Tailored Input and Targeted Output Feedback”, Hong & Lin 2025
Cathoven: Enhancing Language Acquisition through Tailored Input and Targeted Output Feedback
“Training Language Models for Social Deduction With Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning”, Sarkar et al 2025
Training Language Models for Social Deduction with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
“Visual Theory of Mind Enables the Invention of Proto-Writing”, Spiegel et al 2025
Visual Theory of Mind Enables the Invention of Proto-Writing
“A Marriage Proposal Spoken Entirely in Office Jargon”, Barber 2025
“ELIZA Reanimated: The World’s First Chatbot Restored on the World’s First Time Sharing System”, Lane et al 2025
ELIZA Reanimated: The world’s first chatbot restored on the world’s first time sharing system
“Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languages”, Brinkmann et al 2025
“A Humanized NOVA1 Splicing Factor Alters Mouse Vocal Communications”
A humanized NOVA1 splicing factor alters mouse vocal communications
“Trajectoid”, Weinersmith 2024
“Fractal Patterns May Illuminate the Success of Next-Token Prediction”, Alabdulmohsin et al 2024
Fractal Patterns May Illuminate the Success of Next-Token Prediction
“ABBYY’s Bitter Lesson: How Linguists Lost the Last Battle for NLP”, Skorinkin 2024
ABBYY’s Bitter Lesson: How Linguists Lost the Last Battle for NLP
“Rapid Formation of Picture-Word Association in Cats”, Takagi et al 2024
“Why Concepts Are (Probably) Vectors”, Piantadosi et al 2024
“Language Is Primarily a Tool for Communication rather than Thought”, Fedorenko et al 2024
Language is primarily a tool for communication rather than thought
“Linguistics-Based Formalization of the Antibody Language As a Basis for Antibody Language Models”, Vu et al 2024
Linguistics-based formalization of the antibody language as a basis for antibody language models
“African Elephants Address One Another With Individually Specific Name-Like Calls”, Pardo et al 2024
African elephants address one another with individually specific name-like calls :
“The Language Network As a Natural Kind within the Broader Landscape of the Human Brain”, Fedorenko et al 2024b
The language network as a natural kind within the broader landscape of the human brain
“Language Generation in the Limit”, Kleinberg & Mullainathan 2024
“An Abundance of Katherines: The Game Theory of Baby Naming”, Blumer et al 2024
“Language Models Learn Rare Phenomena from Less Rare Phenomena: The Case of the Missing AANNs”, Misra & Mahowald 2024
Language Models Learn Rare Phenomena from Less Rare Phenomena: The Case of the Missing AANNs
“The ‘After You’ Gesture in a Bird”, Suzuki & Sugita 2024
“3 Reasons Why AI Doesn’t Model Human Language”, Bolhuis et al 2024
“Teaching Large Language Models an Unseen Language on the Fly”, Zhang et al 2024
Teaching Large Language Models an Unseen Language on the Fly
“The OED on Wrong: Delving into the History of a Tricky Word”, Stephenson 2024
“[On Gricean Maxims]”, Munroe 2024
View External Link:
“Grounded Language Acquisition through the Eyes and Ears of a Single Child”, Vong et al 2024
Grounded language acquisition through the eyes and ears of a single child
“Mission: Impossible Language Models”, Kallini et al 2024
“A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates”, Millière & Buckner 2024
A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates
“Large Language Models Are Able to Downplay Their Cognitive Abilities to Fit the Persona They Simulate”, Milička et al 2024
“Book Review: Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word, Walter J. Ong”, Fettes 2023
Book Review: Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word, Walter J. Ong
“Generalization in Sensorimotor Networks Configured With Natural Language Instructions”, Riveland & Pouget 2023
Generalization in Sensorimotor Networks Configured with Natural Language Instructions
“Getting Aligned on Representational Alignment”, Sucholutsky et al 2023
“MTOB: A Benchmark for Learning to Translate a New Language from One Grammar Book”, Tanzer et al 2023
MTOB: A Benchmark for Learning to Translate a New Language from One Grammar Book
“Testing My Speech Jammer In Public”, Jordan 2023
“Testing My Speech Jammer In Public § Speech Jammer Immunity”, Jordan 2023
“The Architecture of a Biologically Plausible Language Organ”, Mitropolsky & Papadimitriou 2023
“From Word Models to World Models: Translating from Natural Language to the Probabilistic Language of Thought”, Wong et al 2023
“TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?”, Eldan & Li 2023
TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?
“Approaching an Unknown Communication System by Latent Space Exploration and Causal Inference”, Beguš et al 2023
Approaching an unknown communication system by latent space exploration and causal inference
“When Watching TV Shows or Movies in Your Native Language, Do You Generally Prefer to Have the Subtitles on or Off? § By Age”, YouGov 2023
“They Don’t Read Very Well: A Study of the Reading Comprehension Skills of English Majors at Two Midwestern Universities”
“Human-Like Systematic Generalization through a Meta-Learning Neural Network”, Lake & Baroni 2023
Human-like systematic generalization through a meta-learning neural network
“Can Language Models Handle Recursively Nested Grammatical Structures? A Case Study on Comparing Models and Humans”, Lampinen 2022
“Unsupervised Deep Learning Supports Reclassification of Bronze Age Cypriot Writing System”, Corazza et al 2022
Unsupervised deep learning supports reclassification of Bronze age Cypriot writing system
“Semantic Projection Recovers Rich Human Knowledge of Multiple Object Features from Word Embeddings”, Grand et al 2022
Semantic projection recovers rich human knowledge of multiple object features from word embeddings
“Machine Learning Reveals Cryptic Dialects That Explain Mate Choice in a Songbird”, Wang et al 2022
Machine learning reveals cryptic dialects that explain mate choice in a songbird
“Exact Number Concepts Are Limited to the Verbal Count Range”, Pitt et al 2022
“A Modest Spelling Reform to Increase Autologicity, Symmetry, and Readability”
A modest spelling reform to increase autologicity, symmetry, and readability
“Don’t Be Misled or Go Awry With ‘Book Words’: The Many Ways English Spelling Can Embarrass You”, Harbeck 2022
Don’t be misled or go awry with ‘book words’: The many ways English spelling can embarrass you
“Maternal Judgments of Child Numeracy and Reading Ability Predict Gains in Academic Achievement and Interest”, Parker et al 2021
“The Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Based on the PRISMA Method”, Giovannoli et al 2020
“Cultural Influences on Word Meanings Revealed through Large-Scale Semantic Alignment”, Thompson et al 2020
Cultural influences on word meanings revealed through large-scale semantic alignment
“Can Neural Networks Acquire a Structural Bias from Raw Linguistic Data?”, Warstadt & Bowman 2020
Can neural networks acquire a structural bias from raw linguistic data?
“Generative Adversarial Phonology: Modeling Unsupervised Phonetic and Phonological Learning With Neural Networks”, Beguš 2020
“CiwGAN and FiwGAN: Encoding Information in Acoustic Data to Model Lexical Learning With Generative Adversarial Networks”, Beguš 2020
“Can Multilingual Language Models Transfer to an Unseen Dialect? A Case Study on North African Arabizi”, Muller et al 2020
“How People Read Online: New and Old Findings”, Moran 2020
“Testing the Babble Hypothesis: Speaking Time Predicts Leader Emergence in Small Groups”, MacLaren et al 2020
Testing the babble hypothesis: Speaking time predicts leader emergence in small groups
“The the the the Induction of Jamais Vu in the Laboratory: Word Alienation and Semantic Satiation”, Moulin et al 2020
The the the the induction of Jamais Vu in the laboratory: word alienation and semantic satiation
“The Dilution of Precise Concepts”, Crawford 2020
The dilution of precise concepts
View External Link:
“Building the Perfect Curse Word: A Psycholinguistic Investigation of the Form and Meaning of Taboo Words”, Reilly et al 2020
“The Monolingual Approach in American Linguistic Fieldwork”, Thomas 2020
“How Many Words Do We Read per Minute? A Review and Meta-Analysis of Reading Rate”, Brysbaert 2019
How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate
“Different Languages, Similar Encoding Efficiency: Comparable Information Rates across the Human Communicative Niche”, Coupé et al 2019
“What BERT Is Not: Lessons from a New Suite of Psycholinguistic Diagnostics for Language Models”, Ettinger 2019
What BERT is not: Lessons from a new suite of psycholinguistic diagnostics for language models
“Human Few-Shot Learning of Compositional Instructions”, Lake et al 2019
“Humans Store about 1.5 Megabytes of Information during Language Acquisition”, Mollica & Piantadosi 2019
Humans store about 1.5 megabytes of information during language acquisition
“Remembering Jerry Fodor and His Work”, Rey 2018
“Mister Rogers’s Simple Set of Rules for Talking to Kids”, King 2018
“Loyal to the Group of 17’s Story—The Just Man”, Wolfe 2018
“Pristine Inner Experience While Silent Reading: It’s not Silent Speaking of the Text”, Brouwers et al 2018
Pristine inner experience while silent reading: It’s not silent speaking of the text
“Unparalleled Misalignments [Quadruple Entendres]”, Heicklen 2018
“Alarm Calls Evoke a Visual Search Image of a Predator in Birds”, Suzuki 2018
Alarm calls evoke a visual search image of a predator in birds
“Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Only”, Lample et al 2017
Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Only
“Word Translation Without Parallel Data”, Conneau et al 2017
“Linguistically Deprived Children: Meta-Analysis of Published Research Underlines the Importance of Early Syntactic Language Use for Normal Brain Development”, Vyshedskiy et al 2017
“Learning Cooperative Visual Dialog Agents With Deep Reinforcement Learning”, Das et al 2017
Learning Cooperative Visual Dialog Agents with Deep Reinforcement Learning
“Estimation of Gap Between Current Language Models and Human Performance”, Shen et al 2017
Estimation of Gap Between Current Language Models and Human Performance
“MultiArith: Solving General Arithmetic Word Problems”, Roy & Roth 2016
“How Many Words Do We Know? Practical Estimates of Vocabulary Size Dependent on Word Definition, the Degree of Language Input and the Participant’s Age”, Brysbaert et al 2016
“How Many Books Do You Think Donald Trump Reads? [Trump Rhetoric As Ordinary Speech]”, nydwracu 2016
How many books do you think Donald Trump reads? [Trump rhetoric as ordinary speech]
“The Logical Primitives of Thought: Empirical Foundations for Compositional Cognitive Models”, Piantadosi et al 2016
The Logical Primitives of Thought: Empirical Foundations for Compositional Cognitive Models
“A Martian Sends a Postcard Home [With Commentary]”, Raine & Welford 2016
“#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities”, Chancellor et al 2016
#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities
“Language and Thought Are Not the Same Thing: Evidence from Neuroimaging and Neurological Patients”, Fedorenko & Varley 2016
Language and thought are not the same thing: evidence from neuroimaging and neurological patients
“Marriage of Many Years”, Gioia 2016
“The Missing 11th of the Month”, Hagen 2015
“The Failure of Analysis and the Nature of Concepts”, Huemer 2015
“Alien (Typeset In The Future)”, Addey 2014
“Understanding Scaling through History-Dependent Processes With Collapsing Sample Space”, Corominas-Murtra et al 2014
Understanding scaling through history-dependent processes with collapsing sample space
“How to Tell Someone’s Age When All You Know Is Her Name”, Silver & McCann 2014
“The Idiom Principle Revisited”, Siyanova-Chanturia & Martinez 2014
“A Few Goodmen: Surname-Sharing Economist Coauthors”, Goodman et al 2014
“Grounding the Ungrounded: Estimating Locations of Unknown Place Names from Linguistic Associations and Grounded Representations”, Recchia & Louwerse 2014
“Lu Chi’s The Art of Writing”
“Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Language”, Yang 2013
“Utopian for Beginners: An Amateur Linguist Loses Control of the Language He Invented”
Utopian for Beginners: An amateur linguist loses control of the language he invented
“International Art English”, Rule & Levine 2012
View PDF:
“SpeechJammer”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
“SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance With Delayed Auditory Feedback”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012
SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance with Delayed Auditory Feedback
“Tiramisu [Lexical Gaps in English Borrowing from Latin]”, Pullum 2011
“A Cross-Language Perspective On Speech Information Rate”, Pellegrino et al 2011
“Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch”, Collobert et al 2011
“Abraham Lincoln and the First-Person Plural: A Study in Language and Leadership”, Field 2011
Abraham Lincoln and the First-Person Plural: A Study in Language and Leadership
“Universal Entropy of Word Ordering Across Linguistic Families”, Montemurro & Zanette 2011
Universal Entropy of Word Ordering Across Linguistic Families
“Précis of How Children Learn the Meanings of Words”, Bloom 2010
“Language Evolution in the Laboratory”, Scott-Phillips & Kirby 2010
“Where Do Personal Pronouns Come From?”, Bancel & L’etang 2010
“Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the ‘Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax’”, Krupnik & Müller-Wille 2010
“The Structure of Individual Differences in the Cognitive Abilities of Children and Chimpanzees § Table 1. Primate Cognition Test Battery: Description of Tasks and Mean Proportion (With Standard Deviation) of Correct Responses by Chimpanzees and Human Children”, Herrmann et al 2010 (page 4)
“Gravity Has No Friends”, Perlin 2009
“Language Encodes Geographical Information”, Louwerse & Zwaan 2009
“IndoEuropeanTree.svg: Partial Family Tree of Indo-European Languages”, Mandrak 2008
IndoEuropeanTree.svg: Partial family tree of Indo-European languages
“The Untold History of Toontown’s SpeedChat (Or BlockChat™ from Disney Finally Arrives) [Habitat Chronicles]”, Farmer 2007
“Diversity in Saami Terminology for Reindeer, Snow, and Ice”, Magga 2006
“An Example of Statistical Investigation of the Text Eugene Onegin Concerning the Connection of Samples in Chains”, Markov 2006
“Language Is Never, Ever, Ever, Random”, Kilgarriff 2005
“Least Effort and the Origins of Scaling in Human Language”, Cancho & Sole 2003
“Data Compression and Entropy Estimates by Non-Sequential Recursive Pair Substitution”, Grassberger 2002
Data Compression and Entropy Estimates by Non-sequential Recursive Pair Substitution
“Breaking the Barrier? Children Fail to Translate Their Preverbal Memories into Language”, Simcock & Hayne 2002
Breaking the Barrier? Children Fail to Translate Their Preverbal Memories into Language
“Estimating and Comparing Entropy across Written Natural Languages Using PPM Compression”, Behr et al 2002
Estimating and Comparing Entropy across Written Natural Languages Using PPM Compression
“The Similarity Metric”, Li et al 2001
“Kenneth Lee Pike (1912–2000)”, Headland 2001
“Vocabulary and General Intelligence”, Jensen 2001
“What Do You Care What Other People Think § It’s As Simple As One, Two, Three”, Feynman 2001
What Do You Care What Other People Think § It’s as Simple as One, Two, Three
“The Distribution of N-Grams”, Egghe 2000
“Text Compression As a Test for Artificial Intelligence”, Mahoney 1999
“Speech Accent Archive”, Weinberger 1998
“The Entropy Of English Using Ppm-Based Models”, Teahan 1996
“Processing Linguistic Probabilities: General Principles and Empirical Evidence”, Budescu & Wallsten 1995
Processing Linguistic Probabilities: General Principles and Empirical Evidence
“Entropy of Natural Languages: Theory and Experiment”, Levitin & Reingold 1994
“The Perception of Rhythm in Language”, Cutler 1994
“When It Is Better to Receive Than to Give: Syntactic and Conceptual Constraints on Vocabulary Growth”, Fisher et al 1994
When it is better to receive than to give: Syntactic and conceptual constraints on vocabulary growth
“How Could a Child Use Verb Syntax to Learn Verb Semantics?”, Pinker 1994
“Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank”, Marcus et al 1993
Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank
“A Silent Childhood”, Rymer 1992
“Writing Is a Technology That Restructures Thought”, Ong 1992
Epistemology and Cognition, Fetzer 1991
View PDF (31MB):
/doc/psychology/linguistics/1991-fetzer-epistemologyandcognition.pdf
“A Dynamic Systems Model of Cognitive and Language Growth”, Geert 1991
“An Extended Family With a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder”, Hurst et al 1990
An extended Family with a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder
Literacy Theory and Research: Analyses from Multiple Paradigms. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the National Reading Conference (39th, Austin, Texas, November 28–December 2, 198935ya), Zutell & McCormick 1990
“What’s Wrong With This Lagrangean?”, Mermin 1988
“Etymology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore”, Shapiro 1987
Etymology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore :
View PDF:
“How Much Do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory”, Landauer 1986
“Comparative Patterns of Reading Eye Movement in Chinese and English”
Comparative patterns of reading eye movement in Chinese and English :
View PDF:
“Error Patterns in Novice and Skilled Transcription Typing”, Grudin 1983
“Linguistic and Other Psychological Aspects of Paroxysmal Aphasia”, Lecours & Joanette 1980
Linguistic and other psychological aspects of paroxysmal aphasia
“A Convergent Gambling Estimate Of The Entropy Of English”, Cover & King 1978
“A Divided Mind: Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres”, Ledoux et al 1977
A divided mind: Observations on the conscious properties of the separated hemispheres
Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives, Ponnamperuma & Cameron 1974
“Studies in Word Listing: Some Norms and Their Reliability”, Brown 1972
“An Atomist Illustration In Aristotle”, West 1969
“Inference in an Authorship Problem: A Comparative Study of Discrimination Methods Applied to the Authorship of the Disputed Federalist Papers”, Mosteller & Wallace 1963
“Distributional Structure”, Harris 1954
“The Population Frequencies Of Species And The Estimation Of Population Parameters”, Good 1953b
The Population Frequencies Of Species And The Estimation Of Population Parameters
“Prediction and Entropy of Printed English”, Shannon 1951
“Chance Remarks”, Pierce 1949
“Chance Remarks § Shannon’s n-Gram Generations”, Pierce 1949 (page 4)
“John Wilkins’s Analytical Language”, Borges 1942
The Ape and the Child: A Study of Environmental Influence Upon Early Behavior, Kellogg & Kellogg 1933
The Ape and the Child: A Study of Environmental Influence Upon Early Behavior :
View PDF (17MB):
“The Homeric Versions”, Borges 1932
“A Secret Vice”, Tolkien 1931
“The Chaos”, Trenité 1922
“The World I Live In § XI. Before The Soul Dawn”, Keller 1904
“An Estimate of an Upper Bound for the Entropy of English”
“Heavenlore”
View External Link:
“What Is Anglish?”
View External Link:
“List of Pangrams”
“Compound Pejoratives on Reddit: from ‘Buttface’ to ‘Wankpuffin’”
Compound pejoratives on Reddit: from ‘buttface’ to ‘wankpuffin’
“Drachenfutter [‘Dragon-Food’: Gift for Angry Wives]”
Drachenfutter [‘dragon-food’: gift for angry wives]
View External Link:
“Windfucker”
View External Link:
“This Word Does Not Exist [Github]”
“College English Majors Can’t Read”
“Reading across Books With Claude Code”
“SpeechJammer Homepage”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2026
“A Linguist on Arrival’s Alien Language”
“SuperGLUE Benchmark”
“Relation of Word Order and Compression Ratio and Degree of Structure”
Relation of Word Order and Compression Ratio and Degree of Structure
“Urban Dead: The Zombie Lexicon”
“I Was a Teacher for 17 Years, but I Couldn’t Read or Write”
“A Language of Beautiful Impurity”
“‘Handsome’: Etymology, Origin & Meaning”
“The Small World of English: Building a 1.5M Word Semantic Network for Language Games”
The Small World of English: Building a 1.5M Word Semantic Network for Language Games
“Functional Specificity for High-Level Linguistic Processing in the Human Brain”
Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain
“An abjad for English”
“Seraphim: An Angelic Conlang for Agma Schwa’s Cursed Conlang Contest”
Seraphim: An Angelic Conlang for Agma Schwa’s Cursed Conlang Contest
“‘Mother’”
promptengineer
“Propaganda As Literature: A Distant Reading of the Korean Central News Agency’s Headlines”, Marquez 2026
Propaganda as Literature: A Distant Reading of the Korean Central News Agency’s Headlines
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https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/soQX8yXLbKy7cFvy8/entropy-and-short-codeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/16/opinion/sunday/pronouns-quakers.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/magazine/animal-communication.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/07/science/whale-song-alphabet.htmlhttps://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dog-language-geniuses-are-rare-but-apparently-real/
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