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1. How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?

2. ​ Dual n-Back FAQ

3. ​ Nootropics

4. ​ Iodine and Adult IQ meta-analysis

5. ​ Dual n-Back Meta-Analysis

6. ​ replication#pygmalion-effect

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7. The Logical Fallacy of Generalization from Fictional Evidence

8. https://web.archive.org/web/20010202171200/http://sysopmind.com/algernon.html

9. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance

10. https://www.amazon.com/Packing-Mars-Curious-Science-Life/dp/B00AR2BCLW/

11. The Power and the Gory

12. Profound Reversible Seasonal Changes of Individual Skull Size in a Mammal

13. Exceptional Longevity Is Associated With Decreased Reproduction

14. https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/5314/1/Griffiths_%26_Wilkins.doc

15. THE EVOLVED SELF-MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

16. Physics of Wound Healing I: Energy Considerations

17. https://nickbostrom.com/papers/converging.pdf

18. ​ Spaced Repetition for Efficient Learning

19. The Forgetting Pill Erases Painful Memories Forever

20. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice

21. Extinction of Fear-Potentiated Startle—Blockade by Infusion of an NMDA Antagonist into the Amygdala

22. Genetic Enhancement of Inflammatory Pain by Forebrain NR2B Overexpression

23. Why Aren’t We Smarter Already: Evolutionary Trade-Offs and Cognitive Enhancements

24. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trying-to-forget/

25. ​ spaced-repetition#when-to-review

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26. Brain Changes Seen in Cabbies Who Take 'The Knowledge'

27. Acquiring "the Knowledge" of London’s layout drives structural brain changes

28. More Is Not Always Better: The Benefits of Cognitive Limits

29. The Nature of Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity: Active Maintenance in Primary Memory and Controlled Search from Secondary Memory

30. Understanding the Odd Science of Aging

31. 1989-phelan.pdf

32. 1992-berry.pdf

33. 1998-ricklefs.pdf

34. Explaining and Inducing Savant Skills: Privileged Access to Lower Level, Less-Processed Information

35. ​ melatonin#vitamins

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36. ​ The Replication Crisis: Flaws in Mainstream Science

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38. https://www.overcomingbias.com/p/rand_health_inshtml

39. Disagreement Case Study: Hanson and Cutler

40. Cut Medicine in Half

41. September 2007: Is More Medicine Better?

42. https://www.amazon.com/Overtreated-Medicine-Making-Sicker-Poorer/dp/1582345791/

43. Hospice Beats Hospital

44. Eternal Medicine

45. Beware Transfusions

46. Beware High Standards

47. Free Docs Not Help Poor Kids

48. Avoid Vena Cava Filters

49. https://www.overcomingbias.com/p/question-medical-findingshtml

50. Medical Ideology

51. Meds To Cut

52. https://www.overcomingbias.com/p/our-nutrition-ignorancehtml

53. https://www.overcomingbias.com/p/wasted-cancer-hopehtml

54. Africa HIV: Perverts or Bad Med?

55. Megan on Med

56. https://www.amazon.com/Facts-Dangerous-Half-Truths-Total-Nonsense/dp/1591398622

57. Hard Facts: Med

58. In Favor Of Fever

59. Death Panels Add Life

60. How Med Harms

61. https://www.overcomingbias.com/p/the-bias-to-cuthtml

62. https://www.overcomingbias.com/p/the-oregon-health-insurance-experimenthtml

63. Skip Cancer Screens - by Robin Hanson - Overcoming Bias

64. Beware Cancer Med

65. Forget Salt

66. All In Their Heads

67. Don’t Torture Mom & Dad - by Robin Hanson - Overcoming Bias

68. Dog vs. Cat Medicine

69. Farm vs Pet Medicine

70. 1/6 of US Deaths From Hospital Errors

71. Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims

72. Performance Curve Database

73. https://www.amazon.com/Rationality-Reflective-Mind-Keith-Stanovich/dp/0195341147/

74. The Evolutionary Genetics of Personality

75. My Genome, My Self

76. Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic

77. https://www.amazon.com/Science-Selection-Biological-Evolution-Philosophy/dp/0521644054/

78. https://www.amazon.com/Not-Genes-Alone-Transformed-Evolution/dp/0226712125/

79. https://nickbostrom.com/evolution.pdf

80. Taking a Fence Down

81. An Alien God

82. Evolving to Extinction

83. The Tragedy of Group Selectionism

84. ​ Nicotine

85. https://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1544/1195.full

86. https://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1548.1&viewtype=text

87. Evolutions Are Stupid (But Work Anyway)

88. Genetic enhancement of cognition in a kindred with cone-rod dystrophy due to RIMS1 mutation

89. Study of 250 Children With Idiopathic Mental Retardation Reveals 9 Cryptic and Diverse Subtelomeric Chromosome Anomalies

90. Subtle Chromosomal Rearrangements in Children With Unexplained Mental Retardation

91. Range of Genetic Mutations Associated With Severe Non-Syndromic Sporadic Intellectual Disability: an Exome Sequencing Study

92. 2014-fitzgerald.pdf

93. Genome Sequencing Identifies Major Causes of Severe Intellectual Disability

94. A High Density of X-Linked Genes for General Cognitive Ability: A Runaway Process Shaping Human Evolution?

95. The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder

96. Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism

97. Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder

98. ‘Adaptation-Executers, Not Fitness-Maximizers’, by Eliezer Yudkowsky

99. The likelihood of cognitive enhancement

100. http://strdu.com/human_longevity_vs_mammals.html

101. https://web.archive.org/web/20210306153623/https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/longevity.htm

102. https://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/69610/title/Adaptive_no_more

103. ​ Melatonin

104. The Social and Scientific Temporal Correlates of Genotypic Intelligence and the Flynn Effect

105. The Flynn Effect Puzzle: A 30-Year Examination from the Right Tail of the Ability Distribution Provides Some Missing Pieces

106. The Effect of Iron Deficiency Anemia on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in under 17 Years Old Students

107. A Review of Studies on the Effect of Iron Deficiency on Cognitive Development in Children

108. Growing Up Is Hard

109. 1981-bartus.pdf

110. Pre-natal and post-natal choline supplementation produces long-term facilitation of spatial memory

111. Metabolic imprinting of choline by its availability during gestation: implications for memory and attentional processing across the lifespan

112. Prenatal Choline Supplementation Advances Hippocampal Development and Enhances MAPK and CREB Activation

113. Effect of Supplementing Pregnant and Lactating Mothers With n-3 Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Children’s IQ and Body Mass Index at 7 Years of Age

114. ​ Modafinil

115. ​ modafinil#side-effects

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116. Cognitive Effects of Modafinil in Student Volunteers May Depend on IQ

117. 2003-turner.pdf

118. 2005-waters.pdf

119. 2007-morgan.pdf

120. 2002-beracochea.pdf

121. Effects of Modafinil on Cognitive and Meta-Cognitive Performance

122. Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans

123. 2008-minzenberg.pdf

124. 2003-beracochea.pdf

125. Modafinil and memory: effects of modafinil on Morris water maze learning and Pavlovian fear conditioning

126. 2004-ward.pdf

127. ​ nootropics#armodafinil

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128. ​ modafinil#tolerance

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129. Widespread changes in synaptic markers as a function of sleep and wakefulness in Drosophila

130. Sleep and Synaptic Homeostasis: a Hypothesis

131. Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis

132. Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis

133. Molecular and Electrophysiological Evidence for Net Synaptic Potentiation in Wake and Depression in Sleep

134. https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1471-2202-13-S1-O6.pdf

135. Sleep to Upscale, Sleep to Downscale: Balancing Homeostasis and Plasticity

136. Sleep Oscillations in the Thalamocortical System Induce Long-Term Neuronal Plasticity

137. 1993-everson.pdf

138. Functional consequences of sustained sleep deprivation in the rat

139. Systemic Bacterial Invasion Induced by Sleep Deprivation

140. 1995-rechtschaffen.pdf

141. 1996-bergmann.pdf

142. Sleep Deprivation and Host Defense

143. Sleep Deprivation in the Rat: An Update of the 1989 Paper

144. Molecular Insights into Human Brain Evolution

145. Why Does the Brain Need So Much Power?

146. The Brain: A Body Fit for a Freaky-Big Brain

147. What Makes Humans Unique? (I): The Evolution of the Human Brain

148. The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution

149. http://www.neuroscienceschool.ku.dk/cbfm_literature/attwell%20laughlin.pdf

150. Energetics And The Evolution Of The Genus Homo

151. https://herd.typepad.com/herd_the_hidden_truth_abo/files/Dunbar_etal_2007.pdf

152. 2007-wittman.pdf

153. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10

154. Developmental structure in brain evolution

155. The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost

156. https://intelligence.org/files/HowHardIsAI.pdf

157. https://websites.umich.edu/~wolpoff/Papers/Brain%20Size.pdf

158. Neanderthal Brain Size at Birth Sheds Light on Human Evolution

159. EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: IS BIGGER BETTER?

160. If Modern Humans Are So Smart, Why Are Our Brains Shrinking?

161. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0402857101

162. http://wildfire-economics.org/Library/Bowman_et_al_2009.pdf

163. Artificial Selection on Relative Brain Size in the Guppy Reveals Costs and Benefits of Evolving a Larger Brain

164. Why Are Chimps Stronger Than Humans?

165. The Brain: A Body Fit for a Freaky-Big Brain

166. Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence

167. ​ dnb-faq#aging

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168. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1016709108

169. Paleontological Tests: Human-like Intelligence is not a Convergent Feature of Evolution

170. 1964-simpson.pdf

171. Thinking like an Octopus: Summer Swims Prompt Researcher to Probe Unusual Intelligence

172. 2009-ibanez.pdf

173. https://www.overcomingbias.com/p/whence-better-brainshtml

174. https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/147262/1/j.cub.2011.07.019.pdf

175. Working Memory of Numerals in Chimpanzees

176. Memory for the order of briefly presented numerals in humans as a function of practice

177. Do young chimpanzees have extraordinary working memory?

178. Super Smart Animals

179. https://slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2009/02/how_strong_is_a_chimpanzee.single.html

180. Relative over-reactivity of human versus chimpanzee lymphocytes: implications for the human diseases associated with immune activation

181. If a Lion Could Talk: Animal Intelligence and the Evolution of Consciousness

182. Pigeons Can Learn Higher Math, Study Finds

183. 1664 1664..1664

184. Are birds smarter than mathematicians? Pigeons (Columba livia) perform optimally on a version of the Monty Hall Dilemma

185. Learning How to ‘Make a Deal’: Human (Homo sapiens) and Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Performance When Repeatedly Faced With the Monty Hall Dilemma

186. https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3270029.stm

187. 2006-abma.pdf

188. Does Having Children Create Happiness?

189. https://www.ditext.com/diamond/mistake.html

190. Edge: A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE By Steven Pinker

191. A History of Violence: Edge Master Class 2011

192. https://www.amazon.com/Better-Angels-Our-Nature-Violence/dp/0143122010/

193. Experiencing Ecstasy

194. https://www.amazon.com/Little-Book-Talent-Improving-Skills/dp/034553025X/

195. Rejection Therapy on LessWrong.com

196. Handbook of Psychopathy: Second Edition

197. 2006-harris.pdf

198. https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/FDyMThqqX2s47e6rG/open-thread-may-2010?commentId=W77y6fzdLwJyJjqsB

199. Interesting Links for 06-03-2012

200. Why IQ Breakthrough Aren‘t: Algernon’s Law

201. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6521885

202. https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/1go60w/algernons_law/

203. https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/1gnz8y/algernons_law_can_we_artificially_increase_iq/

204. https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/1o8akq/algernons_law/

205. https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/33w3mm/the_algernon_argument/

206. BRAINS PLUS BRAWN

207. 2013-11-08

208. Searching For One-Sided Tradeoffs

209. Do Life Hacks Ever Reach Fixation?

210. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/systems-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00152/full

211. The Brain as a Universal Learning Machine

212. Energetics of the Brain and AI

213. The Mermaid's Tale: The 'Obstetric Dilemma' Hypothesis Unraveled

214. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2815%2900958-6

215. https://www.nature.com/articles/nn0598_36

216. Evolution of the Human Brain: From Matter to Mind

217. https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150424-animals-that-lost-their-brains

218. https://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1851/20162562

219. The Black Queen Hypothesis: Evolution of Dependencies through Adaptive Gene Loss

220. Wikipedia Bibliography:

     1. G factor (psychometrics)

     2. Transhumanism

     3. Flowers for Algernon

     4. Terence Tao

     5. John von Neumann

     6. Eliezer Yudkowsky

     7. No such thing as a free lunch

     8. No free lunch theorem

     9. Vestigiality  :

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality

     10. Spaceflight osteopenia

     11. Osteocyte

     12. Julius Wolff (surgeon)  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wolff_(surgeon)

     13. Pleiotropy § Antagonistic pleiotropy  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy#Antagonistic_pleiotropy

     14. Disposable soma theory of aging  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_soma_theory_of_aging

     15. Reproductive-cell cycle theory  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory

     16. Ashkenazi Jews

     17. Phenoptosis  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoptosis

     18. Salmon  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon

     19. Brown antechinus  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_antechinus

     20. Nicholas Humphrey  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Humphrey

     21. Placebo

     22. Nick Bostrom

     23. Anders Sandberg

     24. Memory consolidation

     25. Eyewitness testimony

     26. Witness § Reliability  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness#Reliability

     27. Eyewitness identification  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_identification

     28. Source-monitoring error

     29. Repressed memory  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressed_memory

     30. Protein kinase C zeta type  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_C_zeta_type

     31. AMPA receptor

     32. NMDA receptor

     33. Long-term potentiation § Spatial memory  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_potentiation#Spatial_memory

     34. Taxis of the United Kingdom § The Knowledge  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_Knowledge

     35. Thermogenesis  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogenesis

     36. Savant syndrome

     37. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

     38. Transcranial direct-current stimulation

     39. Robin Hanson

     40. Iatrogenesis

     41. François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)

     42. Big Five personality traits

     43. Heuristic § Psychology  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic#Psychology

     44. Cognitive bias

     45. Group selection

     46. Efficient-market hypothesis

     47. Alpha (finance)

     48. Invasive species

     49. Selection bias

     50. Francis Bacon

     51. Evolutionary psychology

     52. Combined oral contraceptive pill

     53. Charles Darwin

     54. Joseph Dalton Hooker  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker

     55. Peter Medawar

     56. Wirehead (science fiction)

     57. Evidence of common descent § Recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffes  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent#Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve_in_giraffes

     58. Fixation (population genetics)

     59. Ashkenazi intelligence  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_intelligence

     60. Sickle cell disease

     61. Tay–Sachs disease

     62. J. B. S. Haldane

     63. Bonobo

     64. Allometry

     65. Rate-of-living theory  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-of-living_theory

     66. Thrifty gene hypothesis  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrifty_gene_hypothesis

     67. Flynn effect

     68. Flynn effect § Possible end of progression  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn_effect#Possible_end_of_progression

     69. Iodine deficiency

     70. Red Queen hypothesis  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Queen_hypothesis

     71. Fertility and intelligence § Later research  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_and_intelligence#Later_research

     72. Fertility and intelligence § International research  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_and_intelligence#International_research

     73. Cholinergic

     74. Piracetam

     75. Acetylcholine

     76. Piracetam § Side effects  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam#Side_effects

     77. Nutrient § Essential nutrients  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient#Essential_nutrients

     78. Choline

     79. Lecithin  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin

     80. Shift work

     81. Shift work sleep disorder

     82. Akrasia

     83. Hyperbolic discounting

     84. Working memory

     85. Garbage collection (computer science)

     86. Acetylcholine § ACh receptor antagonists  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine#ACh_receptor_antagonists

     87. Anticholinergic

     88. Diphenhydramine

     89. Sleep § Preservation  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep#Preservation

     90. Brain–body mass ratio § Comparisons between groups  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93body_mass_ratio#Comparisons_between_groups

     91. Cerebral cortex

     92. Brain size § Cranial capacity  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_size#Cranial_capacity

     93. Neuroscience and intelligence § Primates  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_and_intelligence#Primates

     94. Neuroscience and intelligence § Humans  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_and_intelligence#Humans

     95. Australopithecine  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecine

     96. Upper Paleolithic  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic

     97. Sphingolipid  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingolipid

     98. Niemann–Pick disease  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease

     99. Gaucher's disease  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher%27s_disease

     100. Mucolipidosis  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucolipidosis

     101. Convergent evolution

     102. List of examples of convergent evolution  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution

     103. Evolution of the eye § Early eyes  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye#Early_eyes

     104. Fermi paradox

     105. George Gaylord Simpson  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson

     106. Dollo's law of irreversibility  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollo%27s_law_of_irreversibility

     107. Stromatolite  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite

     108. Diminishing returns

     109. Population bottleneck § Humans  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck#Humans

     110. Demographic transition

     111. Global catastrophic risk

     112. Modafinil § Weight loss  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil#Weight_loss

     113. Steven Pinker

     114. Epidemiology of obesity  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_obesity

     115. A Shropshire Lad

     116. A. E. Housman

     117. War on drugs

     118. MDMA

     119. Rejection Therapy  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejection_Therapy

     120. Exposure therapy

     121. Pickup artist § Pickup artist  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_artist#Pickup_artist

     122. Mithridatism  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatism

     123. Dunbar’s number

     124. Risk aversion

     125. Psychopathy

     126. Prisoner’s dilemma

     127. Chicken (game)

     128. Psychopathy Checklist