Amusing Ourselves to Death?

Gwern

Amusing Ourselves to Death?

A suggested x-risk/Great Filter is the possibility of advanced entertainment technology leading to wireheading/mass sterility/population collapse and extinction. As media consumption patterns are highly heritable, any such effect would trigger rapid human adaptation, implying extinction is almost impossible unless immediate collapse or exponentially accelerating addictiveness.

2018-05-12–2019-06-25 in progress : possible : 5

In one narrative of doom, developments in entertainment & recreation like the mass media or designer drugs continuously threaten humanity by creating ever more effective superstimuli⁠—stimuli which are irresistible, as they exploit hardwired preferences, which humans find impossible to resist en masse, any more than the herring gull chick can resist begging for food from a colorfully-painted needle rather than an accurate model of herring gull heads, or other birds can resist nurturing bigger brighter more colorful eggs rather than their own, or ⁠Australian jewel beetles⁠ ⁠can resist mating with beer bottles⁠.

Obesity is on the rise as the food-industrial complex engineers ever more palatable foods, stuffed with salt and fat and sugar, deliciously addictive. Tech companies harvest gigabytes of personal data, using ever more sophisticated & advanced AI tailoring of ads to individuals, pervasively inserted into their media streams, persuading them to buy or think whatever the advertisers wish (subliminal advertising⁠ being so dangerously effective it must be outlawed). Media and pornography and harlequin romance novels offer inhumanly perfect simulacrum of sexually attractive & high status people, selecting the most beautiful people out of hundreds of millions and then further enhancing them with special effects into hyperreality, with infinite amounts of porn for every preference and kink on tap via the Internet—and sexbots eventually to come. Social media like Facebook or Instagram expose us to highly-selective curated ideal lifestyles, inspiring envy for lives that never were, and spreading rage and depression. Cheap pervasive ‘firewater’ shattered aboriginal tribes and groups, already weakened by epidemic and dispossession, who had never been exposed to industrial-scale alcohol, even in England, where in the early Industrial Revolution, alcohol consumption spiked in the USA⁠^⁠1⁠ and “there were gin pushcarts working their way through the streets of London” as Shirky puts it (“Gin, Television, and Social Surplus”⁠), and alcoholism & the “corner saloon” was seen as one of the most severe of all social ills (prompting Prohibition). Ultraviolence on TV desensitizes men to violence while early TV was a “vast cultural wasteland” sucking up hundreds of billions of man-hours a year watching vapid shows like Gilligan’s Island (even now, if time diaries are to be believed, Americans continue to spend multiple hours a day on average watching TV).⁠^⁠2⁠ Penny dreadfuls, and then comic books, seduce innocent children⁠ with their gruesome lurid imagery blurring the line between fantasy & reality while glorifying criminality & aggression, triggering waves of murderous juvenile delinquency. New highly potent “research chemical” opiates manufactured in Chinese labs ravage the American hinterland. Slot machines⁠ & video games offer push-button⁠ experiences more compelling than real life, with video gamers taught to ⁠stalk & entrap vulnerable women⁠, or collapsing in Internet cafes and streamers dying at their post, ‘click’ or ‘social gaming’ companies like Zynga cunningly exploiting helplessly addictive users by mastery of Pavlovian operant conditioning techniques⁠ embodied in Farmville, steadily draining them of all their cash in return for making meaningless numbers go up while the players cease even to enjoy the game (and VR increasingly offering a full replacement for dreary reality)—and need one mention how violent games glamorize gun violence and are are simulators training teenagers for school shootings like Columbine? “Fake news”, manufactured in bulk online & flooding Americans through social media, ensured the election of President Donald Trump & the reign of the Republican Party, threatening to end the American democratic experiment forever. Psychological research into human behavior has been weaponized as “nudges” by greedy marketers, suckering buyers into buying overpriced goods like hotel rooms by shady gimmicks such as claiming to almost be out of rooms. Worse, new online mediums and advanced ‘reinforcement learning’ algorithms manipulate innocent viewers into watching or reading dangerous materials, leading to a steady spiral of ever more extreme content consumption culminating in anti-vaccine or Flat Earth or Republican beliefs, with “Elsagate⁠” and “unboxing⁠” addling children into nonsensical violent sexual video loops interspersed with brainwashing consumerism into the pre-verbal. With continued progress in science & technology, one day we may invent the final entertainment or drug, a species-wide Infinite Jest, something so entertaining or addictive that humanity wireheads itself into being unable to feed, protect, or reproduce itself—eventually going extinct. They literally amuse themselves to death.

This theory can even be extended to explain the Fermi paradox’s⁠ Great Silence: why do we see absolutely no trace of alien civilizations when astronomical data indicates habitable worlds should be quite common and technological/statistical considerations show the universe could be rapidly colonized? Many explanations for the Great Silence show a spectacular failure of imagination by postulating extremely narrow mechanisms, like “Western liberalism” or “nuclear war”, for the Silence, which do not do a good job of explaining why the hyperintelligent eusocial ants of Knara Prime went extinct or the immortal sentient silicon crystals of Delti 10 never spread across the universe or the absence of the self-stabilizing chaotic storm cell civilizations of the Jovian planets. But the “amusing oneself to death” hypothesis is plausibly universal: since precognition is impossible and it’s impossible to know the true fitness of actions & choices in advance, all evolved species must use proxies for fitness; if they advance in science & technology to the point of interstellar civilization being possible, they must also have developed a wide variety of tools and understanding of their own physical substrates, which allow faking fitness signals and hijacking preferences; if that is possible, then at least some individuals will do so out of curiosity or for incentives; hence, all interstellar civilizations are at risk of amusing themselves to death and if the risk is sufficiently great, it could be the Great Filter.

In another narrative, superstimuli may be problems, but they tend to be self-limiting ones: people adapt, culturally and biologically, to them, and the problems gradually go away, if indeed they were ever remotely as big as they were portrayed to be⁠, in an endless Sisyphean cycle of technology panics⁠. Early advertising strikes a modern reader as being laughably transparent, crude, and unconvincing⁠^⁠3⁠; the first Internet banner ads in the 1990s reportedly had clickthrough rates >10%, while now the most sophisticated & carefully targeted ad is doing well if it can get a 0.01% clickthrough rate—assuming the traffic isn’t all bots or accidental misclicks—as audiences experience “advertising wearout” & adapt to ignore ads (⁠Kinnucanet al1993⁠, ⁠Blair1987/2000⁠, ⁠Braun & Moe2013⁠); and there are serious questions about to what extent Internet advertising works at all & if the tiny effects can actually be measured (see references in my ad A/B test⁠). Alcohol ravaged American Indian tribes and contributed to the destruction of many of them, but while alcoholism and drug abuse remain endemic problems on Indian reservations, the pitch does not appear so apocalyptic these days; Prohibition to reduce alcoholism, rather than being such a burning issue that the very Constitution must be amended, is invoked mostly as a historical fiasco & criticism of the War on Drugs. TV faces competition from other forms of recreation, and is no longer so dominant, with the intellectual quality of TV massively increasing over time (in part thanks to peculiar tech economics like Wall Street investing tens of billions of dollars into Netflix/Amazon to try to replace Hollywood), leading to what has been widely called a golden age of television. Consumers, just as they did in response to earlier advertising, gradually wise up to gimmicks when they seen them too often, and are ⁠increasingly cynical about “nudges”. Fake news, whatever contribution it did make to the 2016 US Presidential election, saw its viewership among Americans ⁠then crash 2016–2018⁠ (and a disastrous 2018 mid-term election for the Republicans/Trump). Video and computer games, for all the moral panics over them, have proven to be mostly substitutes for other forms of socializing and media consumption, and the occasional “young man collapses dead while playing MMORPG/FPS/etc game” news report remains but a highly rare event, of no more consequence than “young man collapses dead when tackled in sports game” (and often perhaps for the same reason, congenital heart defects), with the various laws passed like curfews being largely unnecessary overreactions; Zynga, poster child of the new wave of exploitative games forecast to be a boot stomping on the wallet of humanity forever, has since reeled from FB changes & loss of most of its users, its 2018 stock now a quarter of its 2012_13ya high; social games have taken over the gaming world in the form of “e-sports” competitive gaming leagues & professional players with their own stadiums, streaming, casual mobile gaming, and multiplayer games (bearing a deliberate and striking resemblance to regular sports, and a far cry from playing Super Mario Brothers by oneself on an NES). Media consumption often appears motivated far less by the entertainment or esthetic value of the media, than by the desire to participate in trends, signal affiliation with particular groups, or create common referents with other people—all of which inherently curtails media consumption because there is no point in too-obscure media or consuming too much, as that eliminates or crowds out the true function of the media consumption (one might say ‘entertainment’ gives itself far too much credit for being entertaining). Norms for social media are already evolving rapidly, with widespread awareness of the falsity of self-presentations on social media and counter-memes for reducing use, or at least containing the harm with methods like auto-deleting posts (eg. Snapchat). Porn and media are more accessible than ever, indeed, but nevertheless, access to them appears to have little to do with reproduction—American fertility rates are stable and appear far more affected by economic recessions & real estate prices & college attendance than by access to broadband. Likewise, the demographic transition⁠ worldwide appears linked mostly to female education, independent of pornography. This is despite the admittedly enormous time soaked up by media—peaking at 9 hours of TV per day per American household around 2009⁠, and yet, people managed to hold down jobs and live their lives and do science and have children. Inherently, any new problem triggers responses and backlashes as people burn out, learn, and pass on knowledge of how to avoid the problems & use it healthily, the technology is modified, societal mechanisms like laws & regulation kick in, the new thing becomes integrated into existing social norms/rituals, and if nothing else, people adapt to it either by cultural inheritance (families/subgroups/ethnicities with adaptive memes flourish while others fall into decadence) or genetically (alcohol abuse may be an example).

Wild populations constantly increase in fitness (Burt1995⁠, Hendryet al2018⁠), and larger selective pressures produce larger changes, as demonstrated by many successful artificial selection experiments. Further, there is both genetic & cultural evolution at work.

Heritability of Leisure-Time Activities & Media Consumption

MaTCH

The Poldermanet al2015⁠ twin-study mega-meta-analysis⁠ of k = 2,748 studies picks up a few results relevant to the question of media/entertainment/leisure-time, with the most relevant categorization being “Recreation and Leisure”, but their ⁠online interface for visualization has no way to get the original studies rather than just the model-fitting & wordclouds AFAIK (considerably limiting MaTCH’s usefulness as a database to consult for meta-analyses about specific traits):

General Literature

For a more fine-grained description, I consulted my bibliographies and used a Google Scholar search⁠ along with followup searches of music heritable/game heritable, searches of reverse citation & “related articles” for a few key articles, and checking relevant-looking citations in the body of articles.

I looked primarily for heritability estimates of things which could be described as media or entertainment consumption patterns, media or esthetic preferences, leisure time activities, and the like. I exclude most studies of religiosity because while highly heritable & relevant, it’s arguably not perceived as optional or recreational by most people; I excluded many studies of musical pitch perception/tone identification because those reflect a basic musical aptitude which apparently is not even causally increased by musical practice⁠^⁠4⁠; I also exclude measures of vocational aptitude/interest (like the inventories collected in several large-scale twin registries) as those may reflect economic considerations & local opportunities & wishful dreaming more than actual life activities; for physical activity, I try to include only measures of voluntary/leisure rather than work-related or raw physical movement (eg. accelerometer logs, which would include things like fidgeting); similarly, I don’t try to comprehensively cover food preferences or eating habits (much less the vast literature on various kinds of drug consumption & abuse), even though those are arguably primarily recreational activities. Where multiple models fits are reported, I try to use the heritability from what the authors regard as the best-fitting model, and when a CE or E model is selected rather than ACE/DCE/DE, I report as 0.00, and I sum a² and d² if both are available; if only monozygotic & dizygotic twin correlations are reported, I (or another author) use the Falconer formula (2 × (r_MZ − r_DZ)).

The full table is ⁠available in the appendices⁠ due to length (>500 entries).

Looking over the table, we can see that the predictions are borne out: all sorts of preferences & activities are substantially heritable, and a good guess at a mean heritability would indeed be ~0.50 (a simple unweighted average of all the heritabilities in the table is ~0.30, dragged down by the especially high measurement error⁠/instability of many Loehlin & Nichols1976 items).

Some of the heritabilities are estimated at 0.00 but looking at those, they tend to be small samples where the confidence intervals⁠ are wide (often the model-fitting gives up & settles on a simple E model for lack of data) or where the trait is probably not being measured well (indeed, probably most of the heritabilities have substantial measurement error as they are based on self-reports and single-item binary/Likert scale questionnaires), so their true heritabilities are almost certainly much higher; generally, only the exercise/sport-related heritabilities have adequate sample sizes because data is routinely collected on those for investigation into basic demographics like weight/BMI⁠/health, while traits like bingo playing or TV watching are almost never measured. There is an unfortunate absence of any followups or investigations using modern molecular genetics, so there are no SNP⁠ heritabilities or polygenic scores⁠ to mention.⁠^⁠5⁠ Hopefully future studies will provide much more precise and broad estimates of these variables, such as using pedigrees extracted from social media—an example would be Facebook⁠, where their researchers can easily extract large family pedigrees with rich detail on books/movies/etc, giving precise estimates of additive heritability & epistasis⁠ & estimating time trends, or even just directly extracting samples of tens of thousands of identical twins, and allow examination of other covariates to explain interests⁠^⁠6⁠

Other things I noticed looking through the studies were that dominance genetics are reported unusually often (perhaps related to the influence of personality on preferences/activities, as personality traits appear likely to be under balancing selection⁠/frequency-dependent selection which would reduce additive genetics⁠^⁠7⁠), shared-environment effects show definite patterns of fadeout with age while heritability seems to increase with age and possibly peak in young adulthood (a Wilson effect?), and there may be sex-dependent effects where females have higher shared-environment and lower heritabilities than males (greater conformism/social concerns?).

External Links

Appendix

Literature Review

To demonstrate the point that there are pervasive genetic influences on all aspects of media consumption or leisure time activities/preferences/attitudes, I compile >580 heritability estimates from the behavioral genetics literature (drawing particularly on Loehlin & Nichols1976’s A Study of 850 Sets of Twins), roughly divided in ~13 categories.

Table of ~580 heritability estimates of human traits related to media consumption or leisure time activities/preferences/attitudes.
Category	Trait/measurement	h²	Study	Notes
Computer	“Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2” (GPIUS-2) total	0.00	Hahnet al2017
Computer	“Problematic Internet Use Scale” (PIUS) total	0.42	Deryakulu & Ursavas2014, ⁠“Genetic and environmental influences on problematic internet use: A twin study”⁠
Computer	Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS)	0.48	Vinket al2015, ⁠“Heritability of compulsive Internet use in adolescents”⁠
Computer	GPIUS-2 subscale Mood regulation	0.33	Hahnet al2017
Computer	GPIUS-2 subscale Negative outcomes	0.22	Hahnet al2017
Computer	GPIUS-2 subscale Self-regulation	0.21	Hahnet al2017
Computer	GPIUS-2 subscale Social interaction	0.00	Hahnet al2017
Computer	IAT subscale Loss of control	0.16	Hahnet al2017
Computer	IAT subscale Salient use	0.00	Hahnet al2017
Computer	Internet social media use (all)	0.48	York 2017
Computer	Internet social media use (family)	0.30	York 2017
Computer	Internet social media use (friends)	0.61	York 2017, ⁠“A regression approach to testing genetic influence on communication behavior: Social media use as an example”⁠
Computer	PIUS subscale “excessive use” of Internet	0.19	Deryakulu & Ursavas2014
Computer	PIUS subscale “negative consequences associated with Internet use”	0.86	Deryakulu & Ursavas2014	a² = 0.00 + d² = 0.864
Computer	PIUS subscale “social comfort/benefit” of Internet use	0.21	Deryakulu & Ursavas2014
Computer	Young’s “Internet Addiction Test” (IAT) total	0.00	Hahnet al2017, ⁠“Internet addiction and its facets: The role of genetics and the relation to self-directedness”⁠
Computer	Young’s “Internet Addiction Test” (IAT)	0.58	Liet al2014, “A twin study of problematic internet use: its heritability and genetic association with effortful control”⁠
Computer	Young’s “Internet Addiction Test” (IAT)	0.66	Liet al2014
Computer	frequency of Internet use after 11PM	0.36	Longet al2016
Computer	frequency of Internet use	0.41	Longet al2016, “The genetic and environmental contributions to internet use and associations with psychopathology: A twin study”⁠
Computer	hours of Internet use	0.10	Kirzingeret al2012
Computer	time on educational Internet websites	0.34	Ayorechet al2017, “Personalized Media: A Genetically-Informative Investigation of Individual Differences in Online Media Use”⁠
Computer	time on entertainment Internet websites	0.37	Ayorechet al2017
Computer	time spent playing computer games on Internet	0.39	Ayorechet al2017
Computer	time spent playing video games consoles	0.39	Hassan2023⁠
Computer	time spent playing computer games	0.25	⁠Hassan2023⁠
Computer	time spent using Facebook on Internet	0.24	Ayorechet al2017
Computer	total Internet time/Private Internet use	0.44	Hahnet al2017
Computer	using the Internet primarily to access social networking sites	0.39	Longet al2016
Computer	using the Internet to contact peers	0.00	Longet al2016
Computer	hours of computer use	0.34	Kirzingeret al2012, “Genetic and environmental influences on media use and communication behavior”⁠
Computer	mobile phone use (yes/no)	0.49	Milleret al2012, “The Heritability and Genetic Correlates of Mobile Phone Use: A Twin Study of Consumer Behavior”⁠
Computer	phone talking frequency	0.59	Milleret al2012
Computer	phone talking frequency	0.34	Milleret al2012
Computer	phone texting frequency	0.53	Milleret al2012
Computer	phone texting frequency	0.51	Milleret al2012
Computer	Talked for over 30 minutes at a time on the telephone	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976, ⁠Heredity, Environment and Personality: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins⁠	Objective Behavior Inventory, #191; for full details on all Loehlin & Nichols1976 calculation, ⁠see the appendix⁠.
Computer	Placed a long distance call of over 500 miles	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #223
Music	LTI “Music and Artistic Activities”	0.51	Huret al1996
Music	LTI “The Arts”	0.62	Walleret al1995, ⁠“Occupational and Leisure Time Interests, and Personality”⁠	Note: Walleret al1995 reports MZ/DZ correlations split by sex, MZA separately, and provides test-retest reliability for each subscale; I have combined the 3 groups into a single unattenuated heritability estimate. See ⁠the appendix for details⁠.
Music	Interest factor	0.21	Coon & Carey1987, ⁠“Twins and musical ability: An analysis of if-then relationships (abstract)”⁠/Coon & Carey1989, ⁠“Genetic and environmental determinants of musical ability in twins”⁠	Coon & Carey1989 is a factor analysis of 27 items from the appendix of Loehlin & Nichols1977, most/all of which are included in this table as well on the item-level. (See also ⁠Hambrick & Tucker-Drob2015⁠.)
Music	Interest factor	0.17	Coon & Carey1987
Music	School Performance factor	0.30	Coon & Carey1989
Music	School Performance factor	0.14	Coon & Carey1989
Music	Vocal Performance factor	0.71	Coon & Carey1989
Music	Vocal Performance factor	0.20	Coon & Carey1989
Music	Nonschool Performance factor	0.38	Coon & Carey1989
Music	Nonschool Performance factor	0.10	Coon & Carey1989
Music	Honors factor	0.38	Coon & Carey1989
Music	Honors factor	0.20	Coon & Carey1989
Music	music accomplishment	0.26	Hambrick & Tucker-Drob2015, ⁠“The genetics of music accomplishment: Evidence for gene-environment correlation and interaction”⁠	Like Coon & Carey1989, a re-analysis of Loehlin & Nichols1977 data.
Music	music practice	0.38	Hambrick & Tucker-Drob2015
Music	McGue Talent Inventory: Music	0.66	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a, “The Heritability of Aptitude and Exceptional Talent Across Different Domains in Adolescents and Young Adults”⁠
Music	McGue Talent Inventory: Music	0.30	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Music	McGue Talent Inventory: Music (extreme response)	0.92	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a conducted a second set of heritabilities using an extremized dichotomization for respondents claiming top-end/exceptional aptitude/talent
Music	Participating in musical, dramatic or artistic activities	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #35
Music	One or more musical instruments	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #578
Music	Practiced on a musical instrument	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #133
Music	Played a musical instrument	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1029
Music	Hours of music practice, lifetime	0.41	Mosinget al2014⁠	See also ⁠Mosinget al2015⁠.
Music	Hours of music practice, lifetime	0.69	Mosinget al2014
Music	Music achievement	0.57	Mosinget al2015, “Did sexual selection shape human music? Testing predictions from the sexual selection hypothesis of music evolution using a large genetically-informative sample of over 10,000 twins”⁠ (⁠Table S2⁠)	Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ)⁠^⁠8⁠ (male)
Music	Music achievement	0.09	Mosinget al2015	CAQ (female)
Music	Swedish Flow Proneness Questionnaire: Music Flow subscale	0.40	Butkovicet al2015, ⁠“Personality related traits as predictors of music practice: Underlying environmental and genetic influences”⁠
Music	Took voice lessons	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #137
Music	Number of years taking music lessons	0.60	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b
Music	Current musical instrument playing/lessons	0.85	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b
Music	Becoming an accomplished musician (performer or composer)	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #390
Music	Gave a public recital (vocal, instrumental etc)	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #79
Music	Played a piano or other instrument while others were singing	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #84
Music	Sang in a church choir	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #105
Music	Sang in a school choir	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #106
Music	Sang in a small ensemble (trio, quartet, etc.)	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #107
Music	Played in a dance or jazz band	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #205
Music	Played in a concert orchestra	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #300
Music	Performed with a professional orchestra	0.60	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1027
Music	Played in a school musical organization	0.30	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1028
Music	Played in a dance or jazz band for wages	0.54	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1030
Music	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: national music contest	0.68	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1032
Music	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: regional or state music contest	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1033
Music	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: city or county music contest	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1034
Music	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: school music contest	0.48	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1035
Music	Organized your own dance or jazz band	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1031
Music	Organized a singing group	0.42	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1036
Music	Conducted a choir, band or orchestra	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #136
Music	Directed (publicly) a band or orchestra	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1037
Music	Played in a marching band	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #307
Music	musical creativity (combined score)	0.84	Ukkolaet al2009, “Musical aptitude is associated with AVPR1A-haplotypes”⁠	See also Ukkola-Vuotiet al2011⁠ whose pedigree⁠ statistics suggest heritability of listening to music at various ages, but doesn’t report heritabilities.
Music	musical creativity: composing	0.40	Ukkolaet al2009
Music	musical creativity: arranging	0.46	Ukkolaet al2009
Music	musical creativity: improvising	0.62	Ukkolaet al2009
Music	Composed music which has been given at least one public performance	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1026
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor A	0.41	Vandenberg1962, ⁠“The Hereditary Abilities Study: Hereditary Components in a Psychological Test Battery”⁠	Factor B & E are not reported by Vandenberg1962 for unspecified reasons; the IPAT handbook is not available, but 2 Cattell papers (⁠Cattell & Anderson1953⁠/Cattell & Saunders1954⁠) suggest to me that the factors are not simply musical genres.
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor C	0.31	Vandenberg1962
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor D	0.49	Vandenberg1962
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor F	0.24	Vandenberg1962
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor G	0.27	Vandenberg1962
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor H	0.00	Vandenberg1962
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor I	0.34	Vandenberg1962
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor J	0.38	Vandenberg1962
Music	IPAT Music Preference Test: factor K	0.11	Vandenberg1962
Music	computer music	0.26	Martinet al1986
Music	loud music	0.11	Olsonet al2001
Music	jazz music	0.42	Simonson & Sela2011
Music	jazz music	0.45	Martinet al1986
Music	Listened to modern (progressive) jazz	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #56
Music	Listened to New Orleans’ (Dixieland) jazz	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #57
Music	Listened to folk music	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #58
Music	Listened to classic or semi-classical music	0.40	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #267
Music	Listened to records in a store without buying	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #204
Music	Bought a folk music record	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #86
Music	Bought a popular or jazz record	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #109
Music	Bought a classical or semi-classical record	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #128
Music	A collection of classical records	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #585
Music	Attended an orchestra concert	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #148
Music	opera music	0.39	Simonson & Sela2011
Music	Listened to the radio	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #81
Music	Studied with the radio, record player, or TV on	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #319
Music	An FM radio	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #613
Music	A Hi-Fi or Stereo set	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #586
Music	Worked on Hi-Fi or radio equipment	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #303
Music	A tape recorder	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #600
Video	days per week with TV usage	0.24	Kirzingeret al2012
Video	LTI “TV Viewing”	0.09	Huret al1996
Video	LTI “Passive Entertainment”	0.82	Walleret al1995
Video	LTI “Police Calls-Fires”	0.61	Walleret al1995
Video	TV viewing time	0.27	Plominet al1990, ⁠“Individual differences in television viewing in early childhood: Nature as well as nurture”⁠
Video	TV viewing time	0.36	Plominet al1990
Video	TV viewing time	0.35	Plominet al1990
Video	Watching TV/TV viewing time	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #26
Video	hours of TV watching	0.36	Kirzingeret al2012
Video	hours of TV watching	0.23	Kirzingeret al2012
Video	passive activity (hours of TV/“sitting around doing nothing”/listening to music)	0.00	Habersticket al2014
Video	passive activity (hours of TV/“sitting around doing nothing”/listening to music)	0.35	Habersticket al2014
Video	hours of video watching	0.30	Kirzingeret al2012
Video	Watched TV	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #171
Video	A TV set	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #615
Video	Daydreaming	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #32
Video	Fooling around, wasting time	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #37
Video	Spent an hour at a time daydreaming	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #325
Video	Attending movies and plays	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #27
Video	Went to the movies	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #154
Video	Saw a foreign movie	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #160
Video	Went to the movies alone	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #264
Video	A movie or slide projector	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #601
Video	X-rated movies	0.687	Hatemiet al2010, “Not by Twins Alone: Using the Extended Family Design to Investigate Genetic Influence on Political Beliefs”⁠	⁠Table 3⁠
Video	striptease shows	0.51	Martinet al1986, “Transmission of social attitudes”⁠	⁠Table 1⁠⁠^⁠9⁠
Video	Attended a burlesque show	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #121
Video	Attended a professional stage play	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #156
Video	Attended a student stage play	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #165
Video	Attended a ballet performance	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #173
Video	Pin-ups	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #813
Video	Went to a night club with a floor show	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #143
Intellectual	Total Creative Achievement scale (TCA=ACA+SCA) of the Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ)	0.61	Piffer & Hur2014, “Heritability of Creative Achievement”⁠	Based on ⁠Carsonet al2005⁠. The CAQ might be taken as vocational assessment rather than leisure-time/hobbies, but as de Manzano & Ullén2018 point out, “The twin sample was fairly small—338 twins…Assuming the same prevalence as reported in Roelinget al2017⁠, this means that there would only have been around 9 professional artists included in the sample.”
Intellectual	Scientific Creative Achievement (SCA) CAQ subscale (scientific discovery/invention/culinary)	0.43	Piffer & Hur2014
Intellectual	Scientific Creative Achievement (SCA) CAQ subscale (scientific discovery/invention); extremized (maximal response across any domain)	0.68	de Manzano & Ullén2018, “Genetic and environmental influences on the phenotypic associations between intelligence, personality, and creative achievement in the arts and sciences”⁠	⁠Table S6⁠
Intellectual	“Leisure-Time Interests” inventory (LTI): “Intellectual Activities”	0.57	Huret al1996, ⁠“Genetic and shared environmental influences on leisure-time interests in male adolescents”⁠
Intellectual	LTI “Intellectual Interests”	0.76	Walleret al1995
Intellectual	intellectual activity	0.40	Habersticket al2014
Intellectual	intellectual activity	0.16	Habersticket al2014
Intellectual	Intellectual Activities	0.47	McGueet al2014	eg. “How often do you take a course or participate in study group? How often do you read a book, news magazine or technical report?”
Intellectual	Being read to by parents	0.81	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b, “Genetic influences on ‘environmental’ factors”⁠
Intellectual	Reading books before age 12	0.72	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b	a² = 0 + d² = 0.72
Intellectual	Reading books at/after age 13	0.72	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b	a² = 0 + d² = 0.72
Intellectual	LTI “Reading”	0.75	Walleret al1995
Intellectual	reading books	0.47	Olsonet al2001	a² = 0.37 + d² = 0.20
Intellectual	Reading for pleasure	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #24
Intellectual	McGue Talent Inventory: Writing	0.43	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Intellectual	McGue Talent Inventory: Writing (extreme response)	0.83	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Intellectual	McGue Talent Inventory: Language	0.71	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Intellectual	McGue Talent Inventory: Language (extreme response)	0.50	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Intellectual	McGue Talent Inventory: Mathematics	0.11	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Intellectual	McGue Talent Inventory: Mathematics (extreme response)	0.87	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Intellectual	Made entries in a diary or journal	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #88
Intellectual	Worked on a scrap book	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #90
Intellectual	Bought a paper-back book	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #127
Intellectual	Sci-Fi	0.46	Simonson & Sela2011
Intellectual	Wrote articles for a school paper, yearbook, or similar publication	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #142
Intellectual	Read magazines at a newsstand without buying any	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #150
Intellectual	Read poetry that was not required reading	0.42	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #231
Intellectual	Wrote poetry on your own initiative	0.30	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #232
Intellectual	Looked something up in an encyclopedia	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #241
Intellectual	Read in bed before going to sleep	0.42	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #329
Intellectual	Practiced decorative or unusual handwriting	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #346
Intellectual	Looked up a word in the dictionary	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #363
Intellectual	Writing good fiction (poems, novels, short stories, etc.)	0.64	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #384
Intellectual	Being well read	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #385
Intellectual	Took a course over and above requirements	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #412
Intellectual	Read one or more non-fiction books that were not required reading	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #427
Intellectual	Read one or more novels that were not required	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #446
Intellectual	Read the biography of a famous person	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #454
Intellectual	Library of more than 200 books	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #577
Intellectual	A typewriter	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #603
Intellectual	An encyclopedia set	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #604
Intellectual	An unabridged dictionary	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #606
Intellectual	5 or more magazine subscriptions	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #607
Intellectual	A world atlas	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #608
Intellectual	Books in a foreign language	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #609
Intellectual	Maps	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #814
Intellectual	Quotations and mottoes	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #816
Intellectual	Diplomas	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #819
Intellectual	calendars or schedules	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #821
Intellectual	Medals	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #827
Intellectual	Biological charts	0.50	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #828
Intellectual	Flags	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #829
Intellectual	Had a paper published in a scientific journal	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1003
Intellectual	Won a prize for any other scientific work or study	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1011
Intellectual	Won a prize or award for a work published in a public newspaper or magazine	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1046
Intellectual	Edited a school paper or literary magazine	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1047
Intellectual	Won a literary award for creative writing	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1048
Intellectual	Had poems, stories, essays or articles published in a school publication	0.30	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1049
Intellectual	Wrote an original, but unpublished piece of creative writing on my own (not as part of a course)	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1050
Intellectual	Published one or more issues of my own newspaper	0.46	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1051
Intellectual	Had poems, stories or articles published in a public newspaper or magazine (not school)	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1052
Intellectual	Obtained a book or journal from the library	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #176
Intellectual	Read the Bible	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #177
Intellectual	Visited a museum	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #184
Intellectual	Participated in a science contest or talent search	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #298
Intellectual	Participated in a scientific contest or talent search	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1005
Intellectual	Did an independent, scientific experiment (not a course assignment)	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1000
Intellectual	Invented a patentable device	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1002
Intellectual	Gave a prepared talk to 15 or more people	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #80
Intellectual	Attended a public lecture (not for a course)	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #77
Intellectual	Entered a speech or debate contest	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #249
Intellectual	Participated in a debate or speech contest	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #305
Intellectual	Placed first, second or third in a: national speech or debate contest	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1012
Intellectual	Placed first, second or third in a: regional or state speech or debate contest	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1013
Intellectual	Placed first, second or third in a: city or county speech or debate contest	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1014
Intellectual	Placed first, second or third in a: school speech or debate contest	0.70	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1015
Intellectual	Tried to convince someone to change his (her) religious beliefs	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #344
Intellectual	LTI “Politics”	0.44	Walleret al1995
Intellectual	Political interest (PI) at age 17	0.70	Kornadtet al2018, “On the genetic and environmental sources of social and political participation in adolescence and early adulthood”⁠
Intellectual	Political interest (PI) at age 23	0.67	Kornadtet al2018
Intellectual	Tried to convince someone to change his (her) political or social beliefs	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #345
Intellectual	importance of news consumption	0.35	Kirzingeret al2012
Intellectual	Read the editorial page of a newspaper	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #348
Intellectual	Keeping up to date with political affairs	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #392
Intellectual	Signed a petition	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #425
Intellectual	Wrote a ‘letter-to-the-editor’	0.46	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #227
Intellectual	Wrote a letter to a congressman	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #353
Intellectual	Talked in a language other than English	0.40	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #135
Intellectual	Tutored someone for money	0.58	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #140
Intellectual	Tutored someone for free	0.46	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #141
Intellectual	Bought or sold corporate stocks	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #242
Intellectual	Read the Stock Market quotations	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #359
Intellectual	Bought stamps for a stamp collection	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #194
Intellectual	Obtained the autograph of a famous person	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #332
Intellectual	Set up a schedule with specific times for various activities	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #431
Intellectual	The walls are blank (by choice)	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #811
Intellectual	A telescope	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #595
Intellectual	Chemical laboratory equipment	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #597
Intellectual	Electronic laboratory equipment	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #598
Intellectual	Botany or zoology laboratory equipment	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #599
Intellectual	A barometer	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #612
Intellectual	A [hanging] mobile	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #815
Intellectual	Scientific models	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #817
Intellectual	Scholarship trophies	0.52	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #820
Intellectual	Built a piece of equipment or laboratory apparatus on my own (not course work)	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1004
Intellectual	Collected insect specimens	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #314
Intellectual	hybrid cars	0.37	Simonson & Sela2011
Intellectual	nudist camps	0.28	Martinet al1986
Intellectual	self-denial	0.28	Martinet al1986
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: Frequency of news use: “Local TV news”	0	York & Haridakis2020⁠
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “News on comedy shows”	0.34	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “Online news”	0.54	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “Social media news”	0.15	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “Mobile news use”	0.35	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “Liberal news (MSNBC, CNN)”	0.59	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “NPR”	0.47	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “Conservative news (FOX)”	0.58	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “Conservative talk radio”	0.45	York & Haridakis2020
Intellectual	Frequency of news use: “Overall news Use”	0.35	York & Haridakis2020
Artistic	Artistic Creative Achievement (ACA) CAQ subscale (visual arts/music/creative writing/dance/drama/architecture/humor)	0.67	Piffer & Hur2014
Artistic	Artistic Creative Achievement (ACA) CAQ subscale (visual arts/music/creative writing/dance/drama); extremized	0.37	de Manzano & Ullén2018
Artistic	cultural activity personal goals	0.00	Salmela-Aroet al2009
Artistic	McGue Talent Inventory: Arts	0.60	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Artistic	McGue Talent Inventory: Arts (extreme response)	0.56	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Artistic	Modern Art	0.46	Hatemiet al2010
Artistic	Performed magic or card tricks	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #82
Artistic	Worked backstage on a play	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #114
Artistic	Read for a part in a high school or church play	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1021
Artistic	Read for a part in a play which was not sponsored by my school or church	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1022
Artistic	Acted in a play	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #275
Artistic	Had minor roles in one or more players	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1017
Artistic	Had a leading role in one or more plays	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1016
Artistic	Wrote a play	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1018
Artistic	Appeared on radio or TV as a performer	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1020
Artistic	Directed a play	0.88	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1019
Artistic	Some art supplies or equipment	0.30	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #579
Artistic	Reproductions of famous paintings	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #587
Artistic	Examples of original art work (paintings, sculpture, ceramics, etc.)	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #588
Artistic	Abstract paintings	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #822
Artistic	Other paintings or drawings	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #823
Artistic	Sculpture	0.42	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #825
Artistic	Attended an art exhibition	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #271
Artistic	Produced a work of art (not for a course)	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #254
Artistic	Made your own Christmas cards	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #434
Artistic	Worked on a number painting	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #118
Artistic	Painted a picture (oil, watercolor, pastel, etc.)	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #201
Artistic	Becoming accomplished in one of the performing arts (acting, dancing, etc.)	0.40	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #371
Artistic	Producing good artistic work (painting, sculpture, decorating, etc.)	0.52	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #389
Artistic	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A national art show	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1038
Artistic	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A regional or state art show	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1039
Artistic	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A city or county art show	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1040
Artistic	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A school art show	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1041
Artistic	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A national art show	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1042
Artistic	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A regional or state art show	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1043
Artistic	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A city or county art show	0.52	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1044
Artistic	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A school art show	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1045
Religion	Religious Leisure Time Interests (LTI)	0.47	Walleret al1990, ⁠“Genetic And Environmental Influences On Religious Interests, Attitudes, And Values: A Study Of Twins Reared Apart and Together”⁠⁠^⁠10⁠
Religion	LTI “Religion”	0.66	Walleret al1995
Religion	LTI “Religious Activities”	0.00	Huret al1996
Religion	Religious group attendance	0.046	Dayet al2018	SNP heritability.
Religion	Taught Sunday school	0.44	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #277
Religion	Religious articles	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #818
Religion	Discussed religion with friends	0.48	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #189
Religion	Attended a church or service of a religion other than your own	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #222
Religion	Attended a religious revival meeting	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #240
Appearance	Personal care (bathing, fixing hair, putting on make-up, etc)	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #33
Appearance	Used ‘Man-Tan’, ‘Tan-O-Rama’, ‘Q.T.’ or similar [tanning] products	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #69
Appearance	Polished your toenails	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #94
Appearance	Paid someone to polish your shoes	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #321
Appearance	Got a tattoo	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #429
Appearance	Cut your own hair	0.50	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #322
Appearance	Grew a beard	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #435
Appearance	Bleached or dyed your hair	0.44	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #436
Appearance	Wore a wig	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #437
Appearance	Changed your hair style	0.56	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #456
Appearance	Changed clothes during the day (exclude gyms or athletics)	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #101
Appearance	Tried on clothes in a store without buying anything	0.42	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #265
Appearance	Attended a fashion show	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #183
Appearance	Borrowed clothing from a friend	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #237
Appearance	Lent clothing to a friend	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #295
Appearance	Wore sun glasses after dark	0.50	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #244
Tourism	LTI “Foreign Travel”	0.21	Huret al1996
Tourism	LTI “Foreign Travel”	0.84	Walleret al1995
Tourism	Visited a foreign country	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #443
Tourism	Went to a carnival, amusement park or circus	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #432
Tourism	Went on a vacation trip with friends your own age	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #447
Tourism	Drove a car	0.46	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #166
Tourism	Rode in a sports car	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #131
Tourism	Drive a car over 80MPH	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #64
Tourism	Flew in an airplane	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #182
Tourism	Went sightseeing	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #132
Tourism	Went window shopping	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #198
Tourism	Rode on a roller coaster, Ferris wheel, merry go round, or similar ride	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #317
Tourism	roller coaster rides	0.52	Olsonet al2001
Household/mechanical	LTI “Handicrafts”	0.38	Huret al1996
Household/mechanical	LTI “Husbandry”	0.84	Walleret al1995
Household/mechanical	LTI “Domestic”	0.54	Walleret al1995
Household/mechanical	Working on other projects or hobbies not directly related to course work or a job	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #36
Household/mechanical	Cleaned and dusted your room	0.92	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #112
Household/mechanical	Washed dishes	0.92	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #168
Household/mechanical	Took a bubble bath	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #347
Household/mechanical	Made minor repairs around the house	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #49
Household/mechanical	Washed and/or polished a car	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #361
Household/mechanical	Repaired or worked on a car	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #100
Household/mechanical	Customized a car	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #426
Household/mechanical	Mended clothing	0.30	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #282
Household/mechanical	Knitted	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #91
Household/mechanical	Made an article of clothing	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #92
Household/mechanical	Crocheted	0.54	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #138
Household/mechanical	A sewing machine	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #581
Household/mechanical	Leather working tools	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #602
Household/mechanical	Took photographs	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #144
Household/mechanical	Developed pictures (darkroom work)	0.66	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #155
Household/mechanical	Built or flew a model airplane	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #145
Household/mechanical	Painted a room or house	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #428
Household/mechanical	Carpentry tools (hand)	0.68	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #575
Household/mechanical	Power tools	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #576
Household/mechanical	Photographic equipment	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #582
Household/mechanical	A photographic dark room	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #583
Household/mechanical	Farm equipment	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #596
Household/mechanical	A flower or vegetable garden	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #592
Household/mechanical	Automotive tools or work shop	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #605
Household/mechanical	2 or more cars	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #614
Household/mechanical	Cared for tropical fish or goldfish	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #51
Household/mechanical	Cared for other pet animals	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #52
Household/mechanical	Cared for a potted plant	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #125
Household/mechanical	A pet dog or cat	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #593
Household/mechanical	A pet dog	0.57	Fall et al 2019⁠	Female owners
Household/mechanical	A pet dog	0.51	Fall et al 2019	Male owners
Household/mechanical	“During the past 30 days, how often did you play with pets?”	0.37	Jacobsonet al2012⁠
Household/mechanical	Other animal pets	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #594
Household/mechanical	Fed a stray dog or cat	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #360
Game	Playing games (cards, chess, etc.)	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #38
Game	playing chess	0.38	Olsonet al2001
Game	Played chess	0.48	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #44
Game	McGue Talent Inventory: Chess	0.49	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a	a² = 0.01 + d² = 0.48 = 0.49; Vinkhuyzenet al2009a has no extreme response heritability for chess due to too few responses.
Game	Played charades	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #120
Game	Played Tic-Tac-Toe, Hangman’s Noose, or similar games in class	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #96
Game	Played Monopoly, Scrabble, or similar games	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #296
Game	Played checkers	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #43
Game	crossword puzzles	0.45	Olsonet al2001, ⁠“The Heritability of Attitudes: A Study of Twins”⁠	a² = 0.02 + d²
Game	Worked crossword puzzles	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #169
Game	Played a pinball machine	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #269
Game	Played cards (bridge, pinochle, etc.)	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #202
Game	Played Solitaire	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #313
Game	LTI “Gambling”	0.39	Walleret al1995
Game	Gambled with cards	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #61
Game	playing bingo	0.00	Olsonet al2001
Game	Played a slot machine	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #229
Game	Gambled with dice	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #62
Game	Made bets on a game or other event (not cards or dice)	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #119
Game	toy preference reaction times	0.31	Scarr1966, ⁠“Genetic Factors in Activity Motivation”⁠
Game	toy preference reaction times	0.36	Scarr1966
Game	toy preference reaction times	0.36	Scarr1966
Game	toy preference reaction times	0.24	Scarr1966
Game	toy preference reaction times	0.26	Scarr1966
Game	preference for large variety of toys	0.40	Scarr1966
Food	milk chocolate	0.30	Simonson & Sela2011, ⁠“On the heritability of consumer decision making: An exploratory approach for studying genetic effects on judgment and choice”⁠⁠^⁠11⁠
Food	dark chocolate	0.29	Simonson & Sela2011	Note: I include some food entries for amusement value, I did not attempt a comprehensive search of food preference literature; for a more comprehensive example, see Smithet al2016⁠^⁠12⁠.
Food	mustard	0.22	Simonson & Sela2011
Food	Cooked a complete meal	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #111
Food	Ate candy	0.78	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #315
Food	Ate 2 or more candy bars a day	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #339
Food	Baked a cake or pie from scratch (no mixes)	0.52	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #243
Food	Chewed gum	0.66	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #129
Food	Ate a steak cooked rare	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #246
Food	Ate breakfast in bed (not as a patient)	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #362
Food	A foreign cook book	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #589
Food	Ate Chinese food	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #206
Social	Social Activity scale	0.36	McGue & Christensen2007, ⁠“Social activity and healthy aging: A study of aging Danish twins”⁠
Social	Revised Rutter Parent Scale for Preschool Children (RRPSP): Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.37	Knafo & Plomin2006, ⁠“Prosocial Behavior From Early to Middle Childhood: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Stability and Change”⁠
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.47	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.52	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.62	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.72	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.26	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.30	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.51	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.60	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	RRPSP: Prosocial Behavior subscale	0.51	Knafo & Plomin2006
Social	LTI “Dating and Social Activities”	0.07	Huret al1996
Social	LTI “Socializing”	0.64	Walleret al1995
Social	Social interest (SI) at age 17	0.33	Kornadtet al2018	Additive+non-additive (a² = 0.30 + i² = 0.03)
Social	Social interest (SI) at age 23	0.42	Kornadtet al2018	Additive+non-additive (a² = 0.26 + i² = 0.16)
Social	“Meetings of clubs and organizations”	0.55	Kendler1997, ⁠“Social Support: A Genetic-Epidemiologic Analysis”⁠	a² = 0.75 for “Social integration” factor, club/organization loading of 0.73, so 0.73 × 0.75 = 0.5475
Social	family activity	0.31	Habersticket al2014
Social	family activity	0.44	Habersticket al2014
Social	social activity	0.50	Habersticket al2014
Social	social activity	0.55	Habersticket al2014
Social	Social Activities	0.38	McGueet al2014	eg. “How often do you visit family or friends at their home? How often do you participate in a party or other social event?”
Social	talking at parties	0.09	Kirzingeret al2012
Social	pajama parties	0.08	Martinet al1986
Social	relational/social aggression media preference	0.26	Jamnik & DiLalla2018	2 × (0.55 − 0.42)
Social	Picked-up a date in a bar, restaurant, or similar place	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #48
Social	Went to a party	0.54	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #60
Social	Stayed up all night	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #76
Social	Arranged a date for a friend	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #116
Social	Went to a party with a date	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #122
Social	Had a friend visit your home overnight	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #262
Social	Had a blind date	0.30	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #285
Social	Wore formal clothing (evening gown, tuxedo, dinner jacket, etc.)	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #288
Social	Told a ‘dirty joke’ to male friends	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #289
Social	Told a ‘dirty joke’ to female friends	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #290
Social	Went on a double date	0.68	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #224
Social	Wrote a ‘love-letter’	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #225
Social	Dined by candle light	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #304
Social	Frequency of dates: Casual coke [soda], coffee or study dates per month	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Dating, #406
Social	Frequency of dates: Informal dates to movies, student gathers etc per month	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Dating, #407
Social	Frequency of dates: Formal dates to dances and big parties per month	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Dating, #408
Social	Had your back rubbed	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #250
Social	Became pinned [‘going steady’] or engaged	0.58	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #414
Social	Went to an overnight or week-end party	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #123
Social	Visited a friend’s home overnight	0.40	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #260
Social	Put up decorations for a party	0.44	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #172
Social	LTI “Swinging” [nightlife/dancing]	0.59	Walleret al1995
Social	Danced the twist	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #178
Social	Attended a formal dance	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #149
Social	Did an imitation or impersonation of another person	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #218
Social	Made a new friend	0.46	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #349
Social	Turned down an invitation for a date	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #357
Social	Stayed out on a date after 2 A.M.	0.42	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #358
Social	Discussed how to make money with friends	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #55
Social	Discussed school subjects with friends	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #63
Social	Wrote letters to friends your own age	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #197
Social	Photographs of friends	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #824
Social	Did voluntary work for a hospital or service organization (Red Cross, Heart Fund, etc.)	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #115
Social	Baby sat	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #102
Social	Performed [fraternity] pledge-duties	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #103
Social	Attending club or organizational activities (meetings, [fraternity] pledge-duties, etc)	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #34
Social	Pub or social club attendance	0.04	Dayet al2018	SNP heritability. Dayet al2018 gives a range 0.034–0.046 for the 3 social phenotypes, but omits the pub/social-club SNP heritability aside from implying it falls within that range.
Social	Worked for a club or organization	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #151
Social	Solicited advertising for a school paper, yearbook, or similar publication	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #157
Social	Participated in a student demonstration (strike, water-fight, etc.)	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #147
Social	Visited a person in a hospital	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #175
Social	Participated in a wedding (usher, bridesmaid, etc.)	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #193
Social	Pushed a stalled car (other than your own)	0.02	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #266
Social	Becoming a community leader	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #377
Social	Donated money to a charity	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #417
Social	Political participation (POP) at age 17	0.25	Kornadtet al2018
Social	Political participation (POP) at age 23	0.46	Kornadtet al2018
Social	Worked for the election of a political party or candidate	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #418
Social	Contributed money to a political party or candidate	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #419
Social	Organized a school political group or campaign	0.42	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1023
Social	Organized my own business or service	0.74	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1024
Social	Received a Junior Achievement award	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Honors, #1025
Social	Donated blood	0.72	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Done During Past Year, #449
Social	Was consulted for help or advice by someone with a personal problem	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #210
Social	Wrote a letter to a ‘pen-pal’ whom you have never met in person	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #217
Social	Visited a relative’s home overnight	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #261
Social	Started a conversation with strangers	0.46	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #263
Social	Tried to hypnotize someone	0.48	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #276
Social	Told jokes	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #203
Social	Jokes	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #826
Social	Played a practical joke on someone	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #70
Social	Confused people by pretending to be your twin	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #365
Athletic	Attended athletic events	0.78	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #117
Athletic	Watching sports events	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #28
Athletic	Participating in sports and practice sessions	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Time Diary, #39
Athletic	sports club or gym attendance	0.03	Dayet al2018, “Elucidating the genetic basis of social interaction and isolation”⁠	SNP heritability (see GCTA⁠); interpretation is complicated by this being a single-item measure of entirely unknown reliability in the older UK Biobank cohort, so it’s unclear if the heritability is so low due to measurement error, if additive SNP heritability simply is that low and only a small part of narrow or broad-sense heritability.
Athletic	Number of years sport participation	0.48	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b
Athletic	Number of years sport competition	0.51	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b
Athletic	Current sports participation	0.29	Vinkhuyzenet al2009b
Athletic	Attended a professional prize fight or wrestling match	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #181
Athletic	Discussed sports with friends	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #283
Athletic	Took exercises	0.80	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #355
Athletic	Becoming an outstanding athlete	0.40	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #375
Athletic	Keeping in good physical condition	0.14	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #388
Athletic	Engaging in exciting and stimulating activities	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Life Goals, #400
Athletic	Sports equipment	0.36	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #580
Athletic	Pennants	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #812
Athletic	Sports trophies	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #830
Athletic	Sports equipment	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In Room, #831
Athletic	physical aggression media preference	0.02	Jamnik & DiLalla2018, “A Multimethodological Study of Preschoolers’ Preferences for Aggressive Television and Video Games”⁠	2 × (0.40 − 0.39)
Athletic	preference for physically active games	0.00	Scarr1966
Athletic	enjoyment of high impact activity	0.85	Fisheret al2010
Athletic	enjoyment of leisure time physical activity	0.33	Aaltonenet al2016, ⁠“Genetic architecture of motives for leisure-time physical activity: a twin study”⁠
Athletic	enjoyment of leisure time physical activity	0.53	Aaltonenet al2016
Athletic	enjoyment of low impact activity	0.74	Fisheret al2010, “Environmental influences on children’s physical activity: Quantitative estimates using a twin design”⁠
Athletic	enjoyment of medium impact activity	0.80	Fisheret al2010
Athletic	(lack of) enjoyment of exercise	0.47	Huppertzet al2014, “A twin-sibling study on the relationship between exercise attitudes and exercise behavior”⁠
Athletic	(lack of) enjoyment of exercise	0.44	Huppertzet al2014
Athletic	exercise	0.00	Pérusseet al1989, ⁠“Genetic And Environmental Influences On Level Of Habitual Physical Activity And Exercise Participation”⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.23	Stubbeet al2006, “Genetic influences on exercise participation in 37,051 twin pairs from 7 countries”⁠⁠^⁠13⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.31	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.44	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.50	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.56	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.68	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.50	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.37	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.57	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.64	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.60	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.71	Stubbeet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.24	Simonenet al2004, ⁠“Multivariate genetic analysis of lifetime exercise and environmental factors”⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.24	Huppertzet al2012, “The impact of shared environmental factors on exercise behavior from age 7 to 12”⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.22	Huppertzet al2012
Athletic	exercise	0.66	Huppertzet al2012
Athletic	exercise	0.16	Huppertzet al2012
Athletic	exercise	0.80	Huppertzet al2012
Athletic	exercise	0.15	Huppertzet al2012
Athletic	exercise	0.38	Huppertzet al2012
Athletic	exercise	0.36	Huppertzet al2012
Athletic	exercise	0.42	de Mooret al2011, “Exercise participation in adolescents and their parents: Evidence for genetic and generation specific environmental effects”⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.45	Duncanet al2008, “Unique environmental effects on physical activity participation: a twin study”⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.00	Duncanet al2008
Athletic	exercise	0.50	⁠Huppertzet al2014⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.43	Huppertzet al2014
Athletic	exercise	0.64	Carlssonet al2006, ⁠“Genetic effects on physical activity: Results from the Swedish twin registry”⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.40	Carlssonet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.51	Carlssonet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.41	Carlssonet al2006
Athletic	exercise	0.85	van der Aaet al2010, “Genetic Influences on Individual Differences in Exercise Behavior during Adolescence”⁠
Athletic	exercise	0.38	van der Aaet al2010
Athletic	exercise	0.80	van der Aaet al2010
Athletic	exercise	0.80	van der Aaet al2010
Athletic	exercise	0.72	van der Aaet al2010
Athletic	exercise	0.72	van der Aaet al2010
Athletic	exercise	0.36	Olsonet al2001
Athletic	exercise behavior	0.67	Schutteet al2018, “A twin study on the correlates of voluntary exercise behavior in adolescence”⁠
Athletic	jogging/running >10 miles/week	0.53	Lauderdale1997
Athletic	any vigorous exercise in past 2 weeks	0.39	Helleret al1988, ⁠“Lifestyle factors in monozygotic and dizygotic twins”⁠
Athletic	leisure physical activity volume ≥2 MET-hours/day	0.45	Kujalaet al2002
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.62	Kaprioet al1981, ⁠“Cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, and leisure-time physical activity among same-sexed adult male twins”⁠
Athletic	leisure time physical activity (all)	0.55	Erikssonet al2006, ⁠“Genetic factors in physical activity and the equal environment assumption—the Swedish Young Male Twins Study”⁠
Athletic	leisure time physical activity (non-sports)	0.40	Erikssonet al2006
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.07	Habersticket al2014, “Genetic and environmental influences on the allocation of adolescent leisure time activities”⁠
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.54	Habersticket al2014
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.41	Mustelinet al2012, ⁠“Genetic influences on physical activity in young adults: a twin study”⁠
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.47	Aaltonenet al2010, “A Longitudinal Study on Genetic and Environmental Influences on Leisure Time Physical Activity in the Finnish Twin Cohort”⁠
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.42	Aaltonenet al2010
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.38	Aaltonenet al2010
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.31	Aaltonenet al2010
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.52	Aaltonenet al2013, ⁠“Genetic and Environmental Influences on Longitudinal Changes in Leisure-Time Physical Activity From Adolescence to Young Adulthood”⁠
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.52	Aaltonenet al2013
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.44	Aaltonenet al2013
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.50	Aaltonenet al2013
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.46	Aaltonenet al2013
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.51	Aaltonenet al2013
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.34	Aaltonenet al2013
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.31	Aaltonenet al2013
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.63	Maiaet al2002
Athletic	leisure time physical activity	0.32	Maiaet al2002
Athletic	leisure-time physical activity	0.54	Aarnioet al1997, ⁠“Familial aggregation of leisure-time physical activity: A 3 generation study”⁠	As quoted in Stubbe & de Geus2009, where they note they calculated the heritability from the raw correlations reported in Aarnioet al1997.
Athletic	leisure-time physical activity	0.46	Aarnioet al1997	As quoted in Stubbe & de Geus2009 etc.
Athletic	Physical Activities	0.45	McGueet al2014, “The nature of behavioral correlates of healthy ageing: a twin study of lifestyle in mid to late life”⁠	eg. “How often do you run, work out, do aerobics? How often do you cycle at least 3 km?”
Athletic	Physical activity	0.78	Gaoet al2019
Athletic	Physical activity	0.59	Gaoet al2019
Athletic	Sedentary behavior	0.68	Gaoet al2019, “The Chinese National Twin Registry: a ‘gold mine’ for scientific research”⁠ (previously reported in a Chinese-language study, Zhanget al2014, “A twin study in Qingdao and Lishui: heritability of exercise participation and sedentary behavior”)
Athletic	Sedentary behavior	0.32	Gaoet al2019
Athletic	low/medium/high impact activity preference	0.60	Fisheret al2010
Athletic	moderate leisure-time physical activity	0.38	Lauderdale1997, ⁠“Familial determinants of moderate and intense physical activity: a twin study”
Athletic	physical activity personal goals	0.00	Salmela-Aroet al2009, ⁠“Personal Goals of Older Female Twins: Genetic and Environmental Effects”⁠
Athletic	play strenuous non-racquet sports >5 hours/week	0.30	Lauderdale1997
Athletic	play strenuous racquet sports >5 hours/week	0.48	Lauderdale1997
Athletic	playing organized sports	0.52	Olsonet al2001	a² = 0.00 + d² = 0.52
Athletic	Went horseback riding	0.34	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #45
Athletic	Took horseback riding lessons	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #110
Athletic	Attended a horse race	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #162
Athletic	Played polo (indoor or outdoor)	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #272
Athletic	Rode a horse	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #331
Athletic	ride a bicycle >50 miles/week	0.58	Lauderdale1997
Athletic	Rode a bicycle	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #161
Athletic	Rode a motorcycle	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #59
Athletic	Participated in a drag race	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #180
Athletic	A motor boat or sail boat	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #590
Athletic	A motorcycle or motorbike	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #591
Athletic	McGue Talent Inventory: Sports	0.64	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Athletic	McGue Talent Inventory: Sports	0.29	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Athletic	McGue Talent Inventory: Sports (extreme response)	0.85	Vinkhuyzenet al2009a
Athletic	sports	0.44	Olsonet al2001
Athletic	sports	0.00	Stubbeet al2005, “Sports participation during adolescence: A shift from environmental to genetic factors”⁠
Athletic	sports	0.00	Stubbeet al2005
Athletic	sports	0.36	Stubbeet al2005
Athletic	sports	0.85	Stubbeet al2005
Athletic	sports	0.35	Boomsmaet al1989, “Resemblances of parents and twins in sports participation and heart rate”⁠
Athletic	sports	0.77	Boomsmaet al1989
Athletic	sports	0.48	Koopmanset al1994, “Smoking and sports in participation”⁠
Athletic	sports	0.52	Frederiksen & Christensen2003, ⁠“The influence of genetic factors on physical functioning and exercise in second half of life”⁠	d²
Athletic	sports	0.54	Beunen & Thomis1999, ⁠“Genetic determinants of sports participation and daily physical activity”⁠
Athletic	sports	0.83	Beunen & Thomis1999
Athletic	sports	0.56	Erikssonet al2006
Athletic	sports	0.64	Mustelinet al2012
Athletic	sports	0.68	Maiaet al2002, “Genetic factors in physical activity levels: A twin study”⁠
Athletic	sports	0.40	Maiaet al2002
Athletic	sports	0.81	Simonenet al2004
Athletic	LTI “Sports”	0.53	Huret al1996
Athletic	LTI “Fitness”	0.78	Walleret al1995
Athletic	LTI “Sports Fan”	0.51	Walleret al1995
Athletic	LTI “Danger Seeking” [extreme sports]	0.57	Walleret al1995
Athletic	swim >2 miles/week	0.08	Lauderdale1997
Athletic	Went ice skating	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #46
Athletic	Went swimming	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #158
Athletic	Went skin diving	0.46	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #270
Athletic	Dove from a diving board or tower more than 6 feet above the water	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #335
Athletic	Went fishing	0.04	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #309
Athletic	Went boating	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #167
Athletic	Went water skiing or surf board riding	0.08	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #73
Athletic	Went skiing	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #74
Athletic	Participated in crew events (sculls, pairs, fours, etc.)	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #75
Athletic	vigorous leisure-time physical activity	0.55	Kujalaet al2002, “Modifiable risk factors as predictors of all-cause mortality: The roles of genetics and childhood environment”⁠
Athletic	LTI “Hunting and Outdoor Activities”	0.37	Huret al1996
Athletic	LTI “Hunting-Fishing”	0.53	Walleret al1995
Athletic	Went hunting	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #188
Athletic	Fishing or hunting equipment	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #584
Athletic	Went skeet or trapshooting	0.64	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #273
Athletic	Bowled	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #153
Athletic	Went roller skating	0.16	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #47
Athletic	Played golf	0.12	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #71
Athletic	Took golf lessons	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #108
Athletic	Ran track (dashes, hurdles, distance, etc)	0.20	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #72
Athletic	Participated in field events (shot put, javelin, high jump, etc.)	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #159
Athletic	Took dancing lessons	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #98
Athletic	Went social (ballroom) dancing	0.38	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #93
Athletic	Went square dancing	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #124
Athletic	Played football (touch or tackle)	0.22	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #152
Athletic	Played tennis	0.26	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #163
Athletic	Played table tennis or ping-pong	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #302
Athletic	Played baseball or softball	0.32	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #185
Athletic	Played basketball	0.54	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #281
Athletic	Played soccer	0.18	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #306
Athletic	LTI “Sierra Club”	0.68	Walleret al1995
Athletic	Went on a camping trip	0.10	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #186
Athletic	A tent or sleeping bag	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #611
Athletic	Twirled a baton	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #196
Athletic	A stop watch	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Items In The Home, #610
Athletic	Jumped in a parachute	0.00	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #336
Athletic	Lifted weights	0.06	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #301
Athletic	Led a cheering section	0.24	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #311
Athletic	Took a long walk alone	0.28	Loehlin & Nichols1976	Objective Behavior Inventory, #352

Backlinks (3)⁠ for ⁠“Literature Review”⁠:

Loehlin & Nichols1976: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins

A discussion of extracting ~376 behavioral items relating to recreation/leisure from Loehlin & Nichols1976: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins, which reports comprehensive summary statistic⁠ twin correlations from an early large-scale twin study (canvassed via the National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test, 1962_63ya). I transcribe them from the book, pool the weighted correlations by gender, and compute simple heritability estimates by Falconer’s formula for use in the recreation/leisure heritability literature review.

Loehlin & Nichols1976’s Heredity, Environment and Personality: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins⁠ (see also the briefer discussion in ⁠Heredity and Environment: Major Findings from Twin Studies of Ability, Personality, and Interests⁠, Nichols1976/1979⁠^⁠14⁠) is a twin study which attempted to compile a relatively large-scale twin sample by an extensive mail survey of the n = 1,507 11th-grade adolescent pairs of participants in the high school National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test of 1962_63ya (total n ~ 600,000) who indicated they were twins (as well as a control sample of non-twins), yielding 514 identical twin & 336 (same-sex) fraternal twin pairs; they were questioned as follows:

…to these [participants] were mailed a battery of personality and interest tests, including the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Holland Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI), an experimental Objective Behavior Inventory (OBI), an Adjective Check List (ACL), and a number of other, briefer self-rating scales, attitude measures, and other items. In addition, a parent was asked to fill out a questionnaire describing the early experiences and home environment of the twins. Other brief questionnaires were sent to teachers and friends, asking them to rate the twins on a number of personality traits; because these ratings were available for only part of our basic sample, they have not been analyzed in detail and will not be discussed further in this book. (The parent and twin questionnaires, except for the CPI, are reproduced in Appendix A.)

Many of the questions asked about recreation & leisure, including hobbies, preferences, honors/achievements, and items available in their house (most of which would be useful for hobbies or non-school-work); Loehlin & Nichols1976 has been cited by eg. Plominet al1990 for the TV watching time use item demonstrating heritability of TV viewing, but most or all of the other items have not been cited much (if at all). The 2 exceptions appear to be the re-analyses ⁠Coon & Carey1989⁠, and Hambrick & Tucker-Drob2015⁠.

Unusually, the book includes twin-pair correlations for all of the reported items, not just full test-scales or subfactors, so it’s possible to extract all relevant-looking items and run Falconer on them to go far beyond just TV watching. I have done so below for ~376 items, skipping Vocational Preference Inventory, obligatory religious questions, some dating questions that seem to reflect other parties’ actions rather than preferences/activities, “Ideal Self” preferences, and most school-related or misbehavior questions. Because the respondent sample sizes are not always balanced by gender, I combine male/female correlations before estimating heritability, by transforming them into Fisher’s Z⁠ and then taking an average of the 2 correlations weighted by respondent n; results are rounded to 2 digits and floored at 0.

In interpreting the results, it’s worth remembering that single-item responses have severe measurement error and many of the items exemplify this by being extremely specific or suffering from dichotomizing or range restriction⁠ and floor⁠/ceiling⁠/sex differences even though most of them have high response rates and superficially seem like large n: for example, in the entire sample of ~1,700 respondents, only around 2 total have ever engaged in skydiving (unsurprising given the era & parents not generally endorsing that activity); only 1 twin managed to publish a scientific paper; 0 twins report getting a tattoo in the past year; 0 twins report national debate successes or inventing a patentable device; while in the other direction, ~96% report having a TV in the house and ~99.9% report ever using a dictionary; and it is not surprising that only a handful of twins have engaged in stock trading (or read the stock listings regularly), have attended prize fights, or that female twins never report growing beards in the past year. (And others are obsolete: teenagers are no longer “pinned” or go for “casual cokes”, and I have never pushed a stalled car to get it started in my life nor seen anyone do so, although it’s interesting to note that apparently almost as many households had sewing machines as had TVs but only ~25% had tape recorders). Since there is no variance or only a little variance, the heritability estimates will be 0 or will be extremely imprecise and could take on any value 0–1.

Some of these are rare for anyone, others are asked prematurely; but of course, we know that something like dictionary use would be heritable if we measured it better in terms of something like “number of dictionary uses per year”, or that publishing scientific papers or attending burlesque shows would be more easily shown to be heritable if the question was asked of the high schoolers a decade or 2 later, and TV ownership will probably be more heritable now that it is rarer. I could have tried to exclude any items which didn’t have a reasonable number of mean affirmative responses like 50, but that would risk cherrypicking, so I include all entries which I initially selected as relevant while reading the questionnaires and then transcribed the raw numbers for.

Entries are categorized by the survey instrument, and presented in the same order as in the Loehlin & Nichols1976 appendix; n refers to respondents, not how many endorse an item (which occasionally is as low as 0).

Recreation or leisure-time item-responses extracted from Loehlin & Nichols1976, *A Study of 850 Sets of Twins*.
Category	ID	Item	Identical Male r	Identical Female r	Fraternal Male r	Fraternal Female r	Identical Male n	Identical Female n	Fraternal Male n	Fraternal Female n	Identical r	Fraternal r	h²
Time Diary	24	Reading for pleasure	0.11	0.28	0.03	0.28	209	285	129	192	0.21	0.18	0.06
Time Diary	26	Watching TV	0.38	0.57	0.32	0.42	207	284	131	192	0.5	0.38	0.24
Time Diary	27	Attending movies and plays	0.01	0.43	0.13	0.47	201	281	128	186	0.27	0.34	0
Time Diary	28	Watching sports events	0.19	0.52	0.52	0.46	203	276	129	181	0.39	0.49	0
Time Diary	32	Daydreaming	0.04	0.19	0	0.51	198	275	123	182	0.13	0.32	0
Time Diary	33	Personal care (bathing, fixing hair, putting on make-up, etc)	0.13	0.2	−0.03	0.22	208	286	129	188	0.17	0.12	0.1
Time Diary	34	Attending club or organizational activities (meetings, [fraternity] pledge-duties, etc)	0.08	0.4	0.08	0.45	196	279	127	184	0.27	0.31	0
Time Diary	35	Participating in musical, dramatic or artistic activities	0.24	0.53	0.28	0.41	194	264	122	182	0.42	0.36	0.12
Time Diary	36	Working on other projects or hobbies not directly related to course work or a job	0.1	0.38	0.04	0.14	197	271	127	180	0.27	0.1	0.34
Time Diary	37	Fooling around, wasting time	0.08	0.49	0.07	0.38	199	278	123	185	0.33	0.26	0.14
Time Diary	38	Playing games (cards, chess, etc.)	0.02	0.42	0.21	0.29	197	271	124	178	0.26	0.26	0
Time Diary	39	Participating in sports and practice sessions	0.47	0.52	0.37	0.32	202	269	128	180	0.5	0.34	0.32
Objective Behavior Inventory	43	Played checkers	0.4	0.4	0.21	0.35	215	292	135	195	0.4	0.29	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	44	Played chess	0.61	0.66	0.32	0.46	215	292	135	195	0.64	0.4	0.48
Objective Behavior Inventory	45	Went horseback riding	0.62	0.65	0.43	0.5	215	291	134	195	0.64	0.47	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	46	Went ice skating	0.71	0.65	0.49	0.57	215	292	135	195	0.68	0.54	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	47	Went roller skating	0.58	0.55	0.49	0.48	214	292	134	195	0.56	0.48	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	48	Picked-up a date in a bar, restaurant, or similar place	0.25	0.41	0.15	0.45	213	292	135	193	0.34	0.33	0.02
Objective Behavior Inventory	49	Made minor repairs around the house	0.34	0.21	0.1	0.27	214	290	134	192	0.27	0.2	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	51	Cared for tropical fish or goldfish	0.41	0.47	0.27	0.58	215	290	135	194	0.44	0.47	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	52	Cared for other pet animals	0.74	0.65	0.63	0.64	213	290	134	194	0.69	0.64	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	55	Discussed how to make money with friends	0.29	0.25	0.04	0.13	215	292	135	193	0.27	0.09	0.36
Objective Behavior Inventory	56	Listened to modern (progressive) jazz	0.19	0.37	0.14	0.3	215	291	135	195	0.3	0.24	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	57	Listened to New Orleans’ (Dixieland) jazz	0.23	0.28	0.15	0.17	215	292	135	195	0.26	0.16	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	58	Listened to folk music	0.38	0.25	0.27	0.25	215	292	135	195	0.31	0.26	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	59	Rode a motorcycle	0.17	0.49	0.29	0.31	214	292	134	195	0.36	0.3	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	60	Went to a party	0.42	0.35	0.3	−0.02	214	291	135	194	0.38	0.11	0.54
Objective Behavior Inventory	61	Gambled with cards	0.53	0.51	0.31	0.42	215	292	135	195	0.52	0.38	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	62	Gambled with dice	0.37	0.27	0.43	0.23	215	292	134	195	0.31	0.32	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	63	Discussed school subjects with friends	0	−0.01	−0.01	0	215	291	134	195	−0.01	0	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	64	Drive a car over 80MPH	0.57	0.51	0.49	0.28	215	291	134	195	0.54	0.37	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	69	Used ‘Man-Tan’, ‘Tan-O-Rama’, ‘Q.T.’ or similar [tanning] products	0.34	0.48	0.33	0.44	213	292	134	193	0.42	0.4	0.04
Objective Behavior Inventory	70	Played a practical joke on someone	0.33	0.42	0.28	0.23	214	290	134	195	0.38	0.25	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	71	Played golf	0.53	0.55	0.58	0.4	214	290	135	195	0.54	0.48	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	72	Ran track (dashes, hurdles, distance, etc)	0.51	0.55	0.32	0.5	214	289	135	194	0.53	0.43	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	73	Went water skiing or surf board riding	0.61	0.64	0.5	0.65	215	291	134	195	0.63	0.59	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	74	Went skiing	0.5	0.65	0.31	0.69	214	291	133	195	0.59	0.56	0.06
Objective Behavior Inventory	75	Participated in crew events (sculls, pairs, fours, etc.)	0.35	0.18	0.25	0.34	213	289	129	190	0.25	0.3	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	76	Stayed up all night	0.36	0.51	0.31	0.38	214	292	134	195	0.45	0.35	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	77	Attended a public lecture (not for a course)	0.3	0.47	0.2	0.24	215	288	133	194	0.4	0.22	0.36
Objective Behavior Inventory	79	Gave a public recital (vocal, instrumental etc)	0.29	0.4	0.21	0.3	215	289	134	194	0.35	0.26	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	80	Gave a prepared talk to 15 or more people	0.3	0.26	0.25	0.22	215	292	135	195	0.28	0.23	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	81	Listened to the radio	0	0	−0.01	−0.01	213	292	135	195	0	−0.01	0.02
Objective Behavior Inventory	82	Performed magic or card tricks	0.28	0.36	0.21	0.23	215	291	134	194	0.33	0.22	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	84	Played a piano or other instrument while others were singing	0.43	0.54	0.45	0.41	214	292	134	193	0.5	0.43	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	86	Bought a folk music record	0.53	0.6	0.3	0.6	215	292	134	194	0.57	0.49	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	88	Made entries in a diary or journal	0.11	0.5	0.11	0.24	215	292	135	195	0.35	0.19	0.32
Objective Behavior Inventory	90	Worked on a scrap book	0.46	0.45	0.28	0.3	215	291	135	194	0.45	0.29	0.32
Objective Behavior Inventory	91	Knitted	−0.01	0.58	−0.02	0.37	213	290	135	194	0.36	0.22	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	92	Made an article of clothing	−0.01	0.54	−0.01	0.4	215	290	134	194	0.33	0.24	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	93	Went social (ballroom) dancing	0.39	0.44	0.05	0.35	214	289	135	190	0.42	0.23	0.38
Objective Behavior Inventory	94	Polished your toenails	0.3	0.48	0.28	0.44	215	292	135	194	0.41	0.38	0.06
Objective Behavior Inventory	96	Played Tic-Tac-Toe, Hangman’s Noose, or similar games in class	0.21	0.32	0.12	0.2	215	291	135	193	0.27	0.17	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	98	Took dancing lessons	0.51	0.33	0.18	0.37	215	291	135	194	0.41	0.29	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	100	Repaired or worked on a car	0.52	0.26	0.31	0.36	215	291	135	194	0.38	0.34	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	101	Changed clothes during the day (exclude gyms or athletics)	0.14	0.24	0.15	0.09	215	292	135	195	0.2	0.11	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	102	Baby sat	0.62	0.6	0.51	0.46	215	292	135	194	0.61	0.48	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	103	Performed [fraternity] pledge-duties	0.31	0.37	0.04	0.39	212	282	133	190	0.34	0.25	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	105	Sang in a church choir	0.68	0.71	0.53	0.65	215	291	135	195	0.7	0.6	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	106	Sang in a school choir	0.71	0.75	0.49	0.61	214	292	134	194	0.73	0.56	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	107	Sang in a small ensemble (trio, quartet, etc.)	0.65	0.55	0.35	0.53	215	292	135	195	0.59	0.46	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	108	Took golf lessons	0.15	0.61	0.48	0.42	215	291	135	195	0.44	0.45	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	109	Bought a popular or jazz record	0.57	0.48	0.43	0.4	215	291	135	194	0.52	0.41	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	110	Took horseback riding lessons	0.39	0.34	0.65	0.26	215	292	135	195	0.36	0.44	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	111	Cooked a complete meal	0.32	0.35	0.35	0.32	215	292	135	195	0.34	0.33	0.02
Objective Behavior Inventory	112	Cleaned and dusted your room	0.45	0.66	0.28	0	215	291	135	195	0.58	0.12	0.92
Objective Behavior Inventory	114	Worked backstage on a play	0.37	0.57	0.29	0.4	214	292	135	195	0.49	0.36	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	115	Did voluntary work for a hospital or service organization (Red Cross, Heart Fund, etc.)	0.29	0.52	0.31	0.3	215	292	135	194	0.43	0.3	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	116	Arranged a date for a friend	0.42	0.55	0.38	0.47	215	291	135	193	0.5	0.43	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	117	Attended athletic events	0.33	0.38	−0.03	−0.03	215	292	135	195	0.36	−0.03	0.78
Objective Behavior Inventory	118	Worked on a number painting	0.24	0.52	0.12	0.33	215	292	133	195	0.41	0.25	0.32
Objective Behavior Inventory	119	Made bets on a game or other event (not cards or dice)	0.45	0.21	0.43	0.14	215	291	135	195	0.32	0.26	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	120	Played charades	0.48	0.36	0.44	0.42	214	289	134	194	0.41	0.43	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	121	Attended a burlesque show	0.63	−0.01	0.43	0.59	215	292	135	195	0.3	0.53	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	122	Went to a party with a date	0.49	0.63	0.47	0.42	215	290	134	195	0.57	0.44	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	123	Went to an overnight or week-end party	0.31	0.47	0.26	0.32	213	291	135	194	0.41	0.3	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	124	Went square dancing	0.57	0.47	0.58	0.49	215	292	135	195	0.51	0.53	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	125	Cared for a potted plant	0.2	0.47	0.24	0.21	215	290	134	194	0.36	0.22	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	127	Bought a paper-back book	0.33	0.59	0.38	0.44	213	292	134	195	0.49	0.42	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	128	Bought a classical or semi-classical record	0.33	0.5	0.13	0.48	215	291	135	195	0.43	0.35	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	129	Chewed gum	0.37	0.32	0.08	−0.04	215	292	135	195	0.34	0.01	0.66
Objective Behavior Inventory	131	Rode in a sports car	0.36	0.54	0.3	0.5	215	292	135	195	0.47	0.42	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	132	Went sightseeing	0.3	0.36	0.36	0.18	215	291	135	195	0.33	0.26	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	133	Practiced on a musical instrument	0.56	0.62	0.4	0.5	215	292	135	195	0.6	0.46	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	135	Talked in a language other than English	0.49	0.56	0.32	0.34	215	292	135	194	0.53	0.33	0.4
Objective Behavior Inventory	136	Conducted a choir, band or orchestra	0.3	0.36	0.4	0.32	215	292	135	195	0.33	0.35	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	137	Took voice lessons	−0.03	0.5	−0.01	0.56	215	292	135	195	0.29	0.35	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	138	Crocheted	0.2	0.49	−0.03	0.2	214	290	132	195	0.38	0.11	0.54
Objective Behavior Inventory	140	Tutored someone for money	0.35	0.48	0.36	−0.02	215	292	135	195	0.43	0.14	0.58
Objective Behavior Inventory	141	Tutored someone for free	0.31	0.52	0.12	0.27	212	291	134	194	0.44	0.21	0.46
Objective Behavior Inventory	142	Wrote articles for a school paper, yearbook, or similar publication	0.46	0.47	0.25	0.48	215	292	135	194	0.47	0.39	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	143	Went to a night club with a floor show	0.6	0.5	0.42	0.54	215	292	135	195	0.54	0.49	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	144	Took photographs	0.32	0.4	0.21	0.38	215	292	135	195	0.37	0.31	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	145	Built or flew a model airplane	0.11	−0.02	0.2	0.49	215	292	135	195	0.04	0.38	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	147	Participated in a student demonstration (strike, water-fight, etc.)	0.28	0.3	0.13	0.51	215	291	135	193	0.29	0.37	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	148	Attended an orchestra concert	0.41	0.49	0.42	0.41	215	292	135	195	0.46	0.41	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	149	Attended a formal dance	0.56	0.64	0.41	0.63	213	292	135	195	0.61	0.55	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	150	Read magazines at a newsstand without buying any	0.42	0.4	0.32	0.23	215	292	135	195	0.41	0.27	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	151	Worked for a club or organization	0.4	0.38	0.22	0.3	215	292	135	194	0.39	0.27	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	152	Played football (touch or tackle)	0.41	0.42	0.24	0.35	215	290	134	195	0.42	0.31	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	153	Bowled	0.51	0.6	0.51	0.36	215	291	134	195	0.56	0.42	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	154	Went to the movies	0.45	0.49	0.43	0.68	215	289	134	195	0.47	0.59	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	155	Developed pictures (darkroom work)	0.63	0.66	0.12	0.44	215	291	133	195	0.65	0.32	0.66
Objective Behavior Inventory	156	Attended a professional stage play	0.46	0.5	0.34	0.38	215	291	131	195	0.48	0.36	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	157	Solicited advertising for a school paper, yearbook, or similar publication	0.48	0.58	0.4	0.44	215	291	133	194	0.54	0.42	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	158	Went swimming	0.56	0.52	0.22	0.57	214	289	134	195	0.54	0.44	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	159	Participated in field events (shot put, javelin, high jump, etc.)	0.39	0.43	0.23	0.45	215	291	134	194	0.41	0.36	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	160	Saw a foreign movie	0.43	0.43	0.32	0.44	212	288	134	195	0.43	0.39	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	161	Rode a bicycle	0.44	0.51	0.19	0.51	215	291	134	195	0.48	0.39	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	162	Attended a horse race	0.66	0.52	0.36	0.59	212	291	134	195	0.58	0.5	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	163	Played tennis	0.64	0.66	0.45	0.57	215	290	134	195	0.65	0.52	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	165	Attended a student stage play	0.3	0.44	0.25	0.19	214	291	134	194	0.38	0.21	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	166	Drove a car	0.88	0.64	0.57	0.51	215	290	134	195	0.77	0.54	0.46
Objective Behavior Inventory	167	Went boating	0.5	0.44	0.32	0.5	215	291	134	195	0.47	0.43	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	168	Washed dishes	0.35	0.66	0.2	0	215	291	134	195	0.54	0.08	0.92
Objective Behavior Inventory	169	Worked crossword puzzles	0.27	0.38	0.22	0.3	215	291	134	194	0.33	0.27	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	171	Watched TV	−0.01	0.21	0.11	0.3	215	291	134	195	0.12	0.22	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	172	Put up decorations for a party	0.39	0.54	0.27	0.25	215	291	134	195	0.48	0.26	0.44
Objective Behavior Inventory	173	Attended a ballet performance	0.43	0.48	0.65	0.18	215	291	133	195	0.46	0.4	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	175	Visited a person in a hospital	0.58	0.55	0.28	0.52	214	290	134	194	0.56	0.43	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	176	Obtained a book or journal from the library	0.03	0.33	0.11	−0.03	215	291	134	194	0.21	0.03	0.36
Objective Behavior Inventory	177	Read the Bible	0.34	0.52	0.31	0.47	215	291	134	195	0.45	0.41	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	178	Danced the twist	0.39	0.56	0.55	0.26	215	291	134	194	0.49	0.39	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	180	Participated in a drag race	0.53	0.38	0.37	0.4	215	290	134	195	0.45	0.39	0.12
Objective Behavior Inventory	181	Attended a professional prize fight or wrestling match	0.55	0.35	0.47	0.27	215	291	134	195	0.44	0.36	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	182	Flew in an airplane	0.51	0.49	0.49	0.51	215	290	134	194	0.5	0.5	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	183	Attended a fashion show	0.37	0.56	0.6	0.55	214	291	134	195	0.48	0.57	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	184	Visited a museum	0.45	0.51	0.28	0.41	215	291	134	194	0.49	0.36	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	185	Played baseball or softball	0.43	0.48	0.32	0.28	215	291	132	195	0.46	0.3	0.32
Objective Behavior Inventory	186	Went on a camping trip	0.54	0.61	0.55	0.51	215	291	133	195	0.58	0.53	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	188	Went hunting	0.72	0.54	0.56	0.47	215	291	133	195	0.62	0.51	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	189	Discussed religion with friends	0.15	0.41	0.05	0.07	215	291	133	195	0.3	0.06	0.48
Objective Behavior Inventory	191	Talked for over 30 minutes at a time on the telephone	0.49	0.46	0.21	0.41	214	291	133	195	0.47	0.33	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	193	Participated in a wedding (usher, bridesmaid, etc.)	0.69	0.65	0.42	0.68	215	290	133	195	0.67	0.59	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	194	Bought stamps for a stamp collection	0.25	0.26	0.34	0.11	215	291	134	195	0.26	0.21	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	196	Twirled a baton	0.22	0.43	0.22	0.5	214	290	133	194	0.34	0.39	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	197	Wrote letters to friends your own age	0.42	0.39	0.2	0.25	215	290	134	194	0.4	0.23	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	198	Went window shopping	0.27	0.18	0.2	0.36	215	290	134	195	0.22	0.3	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	201	Painted a picture (oil, watercolor, pastel, etc.)	0.24	0.39	0.1	0.26	214	289	134	194	0.33	0.2	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	202	Played cards (bridge, pinochle, etc.)	0.29	0.47	0.25	0.34	215	291	133	195	0.4	0.3	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	203	Told jokes	0.09	0.29	−0.02	0.22	213	290	134	93	0.21	0.08	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	204	Listened to records in a store without buying	0.37	0.46	0.24	0.38	215	291	134	195	0.42	0.32	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	205	Played in a dance or jazz band	0.56	0.44	0.49	0.7	213	291	133	194	0.49	0.62	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	206	Ate Chinese food	0.48	0.61	0.36	0.5	215	290	134	195	0.56	0.45	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	210	Was consulted for help or advice by someone with a personal problem	0.28	0.22	0.06	0.09	215	292	134	195	0.25	0.08	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	217	Wrote a letter to a ‘pen-pal’ whom you have never met in person	0.16	0.47	0.18	0.31	215	292	134	195	0.35	0.26	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	218	Did an imitation or impersonation of another person	0.23	0.31	0.2	0.21	215	292	134	194	0.28	0.21	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	222	Attended a church or service of a religion other than your own	0.37	0.54	0.5	0.42	214	291	134	194	0.47	0.45	0.04
Objective Behavior Inventory	223	Placed a long distance call of over 500 miles	0.38	0.4	0.28	0.17	215	290	134	194	0.39	0.22	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	224	Went on a double date	0.67	0.63	0.29	0.32	214	292	134	194	0.65	0.31	0.68
Objective Behavior Inventory	225	Wrote a ‘love-letter’	0.38	0.37	0.25	0.27	214	290	134	194	0.37	0.26	0.22
Objective Behavior Inventory	227	Wrote a ‘letter-to-the-editor’	0.35	0.65	0.33	0.29	215	292	134	195	0.54	0.31	0.46
Objective Behavior Inventory	229	Played a slot machine	0.18	0.34	0.4	0.41	215	292	134	195	0.27	0.41	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	231	Read poetry that was not required reading	0.4	0.46	0.15	0.29	215	292	134	195	0.44	0.23	0.42
Objective Behavior Inventory	232	Wrote poetry on your own initiative	0.17	0.3	0.08	0.11	213	291	134	193	0.25	0.1	0.3
Objective Behavior Inventory	237	Borrowed clothing from a friend	0.48	0.45	0.42	0.43	214	292	134	194	0.46	0.43	0.06
Objective Behavior Inventory	240	Attended a religious revival meeting	0.59	0.7	0.5	0.57	215	292	132	193	0.66	0.54	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	241	Looked something up in an encyclopedia	−0.01	0	−0.02	0.32	215	291	134	194	0	0.19	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	242	Bought or sold corporate stocks	0.46	0.28	0.46	0.49	215	291	134	194	0.36	0.48	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	243	Baked a cake or pie from scratch (no mixes)	0.28	0.54	−0.03	0.32	215	292	134	195	0.44	0.18	0.52
Objective Behavior Inventory	244	Wore sun glasses after dark	0.46	0.39	0.15	0.19	214	292	133	191	0.42	0.17	0.5
Objective Behavior Inventory	246	Ate a steak cooked rare	0.25	0.42	0.24	0.23	215	292	134	195	0.35	0.23	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	249	Entered a speech or debate contest	0.36	0.41	0.21	0.39	215	290	133	195	0.39	0.32	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	250	Had your back rubbed	0.26	0.38	0.14	0.34	214	291	134	195	0.33	0.26	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	254	Produced a work of art (not for a course)	0.24	0.29	0.05	0.19	214	292	133	195	0.27	0.13	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	260	Visited a friend’s home overnight	0.47	0.62	0.3	0.4	213	292	135	194	0.56	0.36	0.4
Objective Behavior Inventory	261	Visited a relative’s home overnight	0.48	0.53	0.42	0.44	215	291	135	194	0.51	0.43	0.16
Objective Behavior Inventory	262	Had a friend visit your home overnight	0.61	0.6	0.45	0.46	215	292	135	193	0.6	0.46	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	263	Started a conversation with strangers	0.3	0.28	0.15	−0.01	215	292	135	194	0.29	0.06	0.46
Objective Behavior Inventory	264	Went to the movies alone	0.43	0.36	0.38	0.35	214	290	135	192	0.39	0.36	0.06
Objective Behavior Inventory	265	Tried on clothes in a store without buying anything	0.4	0.4	0.23	0.16	215	292	135	192	0.4	0.19	0.42
Objective Behavior Inventory	266	Pushed a stalled car (other than your own)	0.38	0.37	0.4	0.33	215	290	135	194	0.37	0.36	0.02
Objective Behavior Inventory	267	Listened to classic or semi-classical music	0.31	0.41	0.25	0.12	215	292	135	193	0.37	0.17	0.4
Objective Behavior Inventory	269	Played a pinball machine	0.39	0.41	0.36	0.37	215	292	135	194	0.4	0.37	0.06
Objective Behavior Inventory	270	Went skin diving	0.43	0.49	0.54	−0.01	215	292	135	194	0.47	0.24	0.46
Objective Behavior Inventory	271	Attended an art exhibition	0.26	0.39	0.29	0.35	215	291	135	194	0.34	0.33	0.02
Objective Behavior Inventory	272	Played polo (indoor or outdoor)	0.16	0	−0.02	0.39	214	292	135	194	0.07	0.23	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	273	Went skeet or trapshooting	0.55	0.39	0.34	−0.01	214	291	135	194	0.46	0.14	0.64
Objective Behavior Inventory	275	Acted in a play	0.37	0.48	0.53	0.44	215	292	135	194	0.43	0.48	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	276	Tried to hypnotize someone	0.38	0.45	0.1	0.23	215	292	135	194	0.42	0.18	0.48
Objective Behavior Inventory	277	Taught Sunday school	0.75	0.69	0.34	0.59	215	291	135	193	0.72	0.5	0.44
Objective Behavior Inventory	281	Played basketball	0.47	0.6	0.07	0.42	215	292	135	194	0.55	0.28	0.54
Objective Behavior Inventory	282	Mended clothing	0.3	0.12	0.1	0.01	215	291	135	194	0.2	0.05	0.3
Objective Behavior Inventory	283	Discussed sports with friends	0.38	0.3	0.18	0.39	214	292	135	194	0.33	0.31	0.04
Objective Behavior Inventory	285	Had a blind date	0.25	0.42	0.13	0.24	215	291	135	193	0.35	0.2	0.3
Objective Behavior Inventory	288	Wore formal clothing (evening gown, tuxedo, dinner jacket, etc.)	0.51	0.6	0.31	0.51	215	289	135	194	0.56	0.43	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	289	Told a ‘dirty joke’ to male friends	0.35	0.56	0.34	0.37	215	288	135	194	0.48	0.36	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	290	Told a ‘dirty joke’ to female friends	0.38	0.55	0.33	0.42	215	289	135	194	0.48	0.38	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	295	Lent clothing to a friend	0.5	0.41	0.4	0.4	215	289	135	194	0.45	0.4	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	296	Played Monopoly, Scrabble, or similar games	0.33	0.39	0.42	0.34	215	291	135	194	0.36	0.37	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	298	Participated in a science contest or talent search	0.5	0.39	0.25	0.36	214	290	135	194	0.44	0.32	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	300	Played in a concert orchestra	0.5	0.59	0.31	0.4	215	291	135	194	0.55	0.36	0.38
Objective Behavior Inventory	301	Lifted weights	0.42	0.39	0.35	0.39	214	290	135	194	0.4	0.37	0.06
Objective Behavior Inventory	302	Played table tennis or ping-pong	0.26	0.42	0.45	0.4	215	290	135	194	0.35	0.42	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	303	Worked on Hi-Fi or radio equipment	0.37	0.06	0.22	0.07	215	291	133	194	0.2	0.13	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	304	Dined by candle light	0.38	0.49	0.27	0.26	214	290	135	194	0.44	0.26	0.36
Objective Behavior Inventory	305	Participated in a debate or speech contest	0.33	0.44	0.07	0.47	214	291	134	194	0.39	0.32	0.14
Objective Behavior Inventory	306	Played soccer	0.43	0.44	0.31	0.37	215	291	135	194	0.44	0.35	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	307	Played in a marching band	0.69	0.78	0.59	0.55	215	291	135	194	0.74	0.57	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	309	Went fishing	0.54	0.42	0.41	0.47	215	291	135	194	0.47	0.45	0.04
Objective Behavior Inventory	311	Led a cheering section	0.27	0.47	0.19	0.32	215	291	135	194	0.39	0.27	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	313	Played Solitaire	0.46	0.55	0.35	0.4	215	290	135	194	0.51	0.38	0.26
Objective Behavior Inventory	314	Collected insect specimens	0.28	0.33	−0.07	0.28	215	291	135	194	0.31	0.14	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	315	Ate candy	−0.02	0.66	0.11	−0.02	215	291	135	194	0.42	0.03	0.78
Objective Behavior Inventory	317	Rode on a roller coaster, Ferris wheel, merry go round, or similar ride	0.51	0.44	0.24	0.3	215	292	135	195	0.47	0.28	0.38
Objective Behavior Inventory	319	Studied with the radio, record player, or TV on	0.45	0.23	0.34	0	215	292	135	194	0.33	0.14	0.38
Objective Behavior Inventory	321	Paid someone to polish your shoes	0.36	0.25	0.35	−0.04	215	292	135	195	0.3	0.13	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	322	Cut your own hair	0.42	0.49	0.12	0.27	215	292	135	194	0.46	0.21	0.5
Objective Behavior Inventory	325	Spent an hour at a time daydreaming	0.17	0.26	0	0.3	215	292	135	194	0.22	0.18	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	329	Read in bed before going to sleep	0.39	0.54	0.41	0.17	215	292	135	195	0.48	0.27	0.42
Objective Behavior Inventory	331	Rode a horse	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.48	214	292	135	195	0.6	0.41	0.38
Objective Behavior Inventory	332	Obtained the autograph of a famous person	0.24	0.56	0.19	0.43	215	292	135	195	0.44	0.34	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	335	Dove from a diving board or tower more than 6 feet above the water	0.51	0.37	0.4	0.28	215	292	135	195	0.43	0.33	0.2
Objective Behavior Inventory	336	Jumped in a parachute	0	0	0	0	215	289	135	195	0	0	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	339	Ate 2 or more candy bars a day	0.28	0.47	0.23	0.26	215	291	135	195	0.39	0.25	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	344	Tried to convince someone to change his (her) religious beliefs	0.22	0.48	0.26	0.22	215	289	135	195	0.38	0.24	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	345	Tried to convince someone to change his (her) political or social beliefs	0.22	0.36	0.08	0.25	215	289	135	194	0.3	0.18	0.24
Objective Behavior Inventory	346	Practiced decorative or unusual handwriting	0.24	0.12	0.15	0.11	214	290	135	195	0.17	0.13	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	347	Took a bubble bath	0.28	0.49	0.2	0.26	215	290	135	195	0.41	0.24	0.34
Objective Behavior Inventory	348	Read the editorial page of a newspaper	0.2	0.23	0.11	0.31	215	290	135	195	0.22	0.23	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	349	Made a new friend	0.13	0.28	−0.02	−0.01	215	291	135	195	0.22	−0.01	0.46
Objective Behavior Inventory	352	Took a long walk alone	0.38	0.38	0.15	0.3	214	290	135	195	0.38	0.24	0.28
Objective Behavior Inventory	353	Wrote a letter to a congressman	0.22	0.41	0.09	0.42	213	291	135	195	0.33	0.29	0.08
Objective Behavior Inventory	355	Took exercises	0.34	0.39	−0.02	−0.04	215	289	134	195	0.37	−0.03	0.8
Objective Behavior Inventory	357	Turned down an invitation for a date	0.55	0.58	0.33	0.42	214	290	135	195	0.57	0.38	0.38
Objective Behavior Inventory	358	Stayed out on a date after 2 A.M.	0.51	0.52	0.32	0.3	215	291	135	195	0.52	0.31	0.42
Objective Behavior Inventory	359	Read the Stock Market quotations	0.45	0.37	0.42	0.22	215	292	135	195	0.4	0.31	0.18
Objective Behavior Inventory	360	Fed a stray dog or cat	0.26	0.38	0.14	0.37	213	291	135	195	0.33	0.28	0.1
Objective Behavior Inventory	361	Washed and/or polished a car	0.45	0.42	0.22	0.54	215	292	135	194	0.43	0.42	0.02
Objective Behavior Inventory	362	Ate breakfast in bed (not as a patient)	0.12	0.25	−0.03	0.38	215	292	135	195	0.2	0.22	0
Objective Behavior Inventory	363	Looked up a word in the dictionary	0	0	0	−0.01	215	292	134	195	0	−0.01	0.02
Objective Behavior Inventory	365	Confused people by pretending to be your twin	0.35	0.39	0.3	0.5	214	291	135	195	0.37	0.42	0
Life Goals	371	Becoming accomplished in one of the performing arts (acting, dancing, etc.)	0.23	0.44	0.05	0.22	211	285	130	189	0.35	0.15	0.4
Life Goals	375	Becoming an outstanding athlete	0.43	0.36	0.25	0.14	212	289	134	193	0.39	0.19	0.4
Life Goals	377	Becoming a community leader	0.41	0.36	0.23	0.27	213	288	133	193	0.38	0.25	0.26
Life Goals	384	Writing good fiction (poems, novels, short stories, etc.)	0.31	0.39	0.09	0.01	209	286	131	193	0.36	0.04	0.64
Life Goals	385	Being well read	0.26	0.32	0.14	0.33	207	290	132	194	0.3	0.26	0.08
Life Goals	388	Keeping in good physical condition	0.25	0.18	0.04	0.21	214	288	132	189	0.21	0.14	0.14
Life Goals	389	Producing good artistic work (painting, sculpture, decorating, etc.)	0.29	0.42	0.04	0.15	214	285	133	192	0.37	0.11	0.52
Life Goals	390	Becoming an accomplished musician (performer or composer)	0.33	0.6	0.32	0.4	212	289	131	188	0.5	0.37	0.26
Life Goals	392	Keeping up to date with political affairs	0.38	0.4	0.19	0.25	213	291	134	193	0.39	0.23	0.32
Life Goals	400	Engaging in exciting and stimulating activities	0.21	0.29	0.03	0.14	214	288	133	191	0.26	0.1	0.32
Dating	406	Frequency of dates: Casual coke [soda], coffee or study dates per month	0.13	0.38	0.19	0.21	189	271	126	186	0.28	0.2	0.16
Dating	407	Frequency of dates: Informal dates to movies, student gathers etc per month	0.26	0.5	0.25	0.24	200	277	131	186	0.41	0.24	0.34
Dating	408	Frequency of dates: Formal dates to dances and big parties per month	0.26	0.41	0.1	0.44	194	274	125	179	0.35	0.31	0.08
Done During Past Year	412	Took a course over and above requirements	0.14	0.33	0.23	0.13	214	290	134	194	0.25	0.17	0.16
Done During Past Year	414	Became pinned [‘going steady’] or engaged	0.29	0.37	0.01	0.08	215	289	134	193	0.34	0.05	0.58
Done During Past Year	417	Donated money to a charity	0.29	0.35	0.17	0.17	210	289	133	191	0.33	0.17	0.32
Done During Past Year	418	Worked for the election of a political party or candidate	0.41	0.4	0.1	0.3	215	291	134	193	0.4	0.22	0.36
Done During Past Year	419	Contributed money to a political party or candidate	0.15	0.2	0.27	−0.02	214	290	134	191	0.18	0.1	0.16
Done During Past Year	425	Signed a petition	0.32	0.39	0.32	0.42	215	291	133	191	0.36	0.38	0
Done During Past Year	426	Customized an automobile	0.45	−0.01	0.1	−0.01	207	285	134	190	0.2	0.04	0.32
Done During Past Year	427	Read one or more non-fiction books that were not required reading	0.16	0.36	0.18	0.22	215	291	134	193	0.28	0.2	0.16
Done During Past Year	428	Painted a room or house	0.31	0.58	0.39	0.47	215	291	134	193	0.48	0.44	0.08
Done During Past Year	429	Got a tattoo	0	0	0	0	215	291	133	193	0	0	0
Done During Past Year	431	Set up a schedule with specific times for various activities	0.28	0.35	0.01	0.22	215	288	134	193	0.32	0.14	0.36
Done During Past Year	432	Went to a carnival, amusement park or circus	0.32	0.39	0.35	0.26	215	290	133	193	0.36	0.3	0.12
Done During Past Year	434	Made your own Christmas cards	0.16	0.54	0.25	0.26	215	289	134	192	0.39	0.26	0.26
Done During Past Year	435	Grew a beard	0.32	0	0.23	0	214	291	134	192	0.14	0.1	0.08
Done During Past Year	436	Bleached or dyed your hair	0.54	0.63	0.27	0.44	215	291	134	191	0.59	0.37	0.44
Done During Past Year	437	Wore a wig	0.39	0.19	−0.01	0.31	214	289	134	191	0.28	0.18	0.2
Done During Past Year	443	Visited a foreign country	0.35	0.57	0.55	0.66	212	287	134	191	0.48	0.62	0
Done During Past Year	446	Read one or more novels that were not required	0.26	0.47	0.28	0.28	215	287	134	191	0.38	0.28	0.2
Done During Past Year	447	Went on a vacation trip with friends your own age	0.38	0.5	0.32	0.47	214	288	134	191	0.45	0.41	0.08
Done During Past Year	449	Donated blood	0.7	0	−0.01	0	215	287	134	191	0.36	0	0.72
Done During Past Year	454	Read the biography of a famous person	0.11	0.13	0.11	0.13	213	284	133	188	0.12	0.12	0
Done During Past Year	456	Changed your hair style	0.29	0.36	0.09	0.02	212	289	134	190	0.33	0.05	0.56
Items In The Home	575	Carpentry tools (hand)	0.43	0.39	−0.03	0.14	215	292	132	194	0.41	0.07	0.68
Items In The Home	576	Power tools	0.75	0.68	0.71	0.56	215	290	132	193	0.71	0.63	0.16
Items In The Home	577	Library of more than 200 books	0.64	0.74	0.62	0.71	214	288	132	192	0.7	0.68	0.04
Items In The Home	578	One or more musical instruments	0.75	0.75	0.73	0.82	215	291	132	193	0.75	0.79	0
Items In The Home	579	Some art supplies or equipment	0.41	0.54	0.32	0.36	214	289	132	192	0.49	0.34	0.3
Items In The Home	580	Sports equipment	0.26	0.54	−0.03	0.42	215	292	132	193	0.43	0.25	0.36
Items In The Home	581	A sewing machine	0.9	0.86	0.91	0.94	215	291	132	194	0.88	0.93	0
Items In The Home	582	Photographic equipment	0.26	0.43	0.31	0.21	215	291	132	193	0.36	0.25	0.22
Items In The Home	583	A photographic dark room	0.65	0.74	0.68	0.95	213	288	129	194	0.7	0.89	0
Items In The Home	584	Fishing or hunting equipment	0.83	0.75	0.62	0.83	215	292	130	194	0.79	0.76	0.06
Items In The Home	585	A collection of classical records	0.63	0.68	0.47	0.7	213	291	132	194	0.66	0.62	0.08
Items In The Home	586	A Hi-Fi or Stereo set	0.74	0.75	0.73	0.79	214	291	132	194	0.75	0.77	0
Items In The Home	587	Reproductions of famous paintings	0.41	0.65	0.58	0.49	215	292	132	192	0.56	0.53	0.06
Items In The Home	588	Examples of original art work (paintings, sculpture, ceramics, etc.)	0.33	0.36	0.34	0.42	215	291	132	193	0.35	0.39	0
Items In The Home	589	A foreign cook book	0.42	0.65	0.51	0.63	214	290	131	192	0.56	0.58	0
Items In The Home	590	A motor boat or sail boat	0.84	0.86	0.75	0.91	215	292	132	193	0.85	0.86	0
Items In The Home	591	A motorcycle or motorbike	0.82	0.49	0.79	0.66	215	292	132	193	0.66	0.72	0
Items In The Home	592	A flower or vegetable garden	0.44	0.69	0.55	0.64	215	292	132	194	0.6	0.61	0
Items In The Home	593	A pet dog or cat	0.95	0.98	0.95	0.97	214	291	132	194	0.97	0.96	0.02
Items In The Home	594	Other animal pets	0.65	0.83	0.72	0.86	211	284	130	190	0.77	0.81	0
Items In The Home	595	A telescope	0.68	0.78	0.67	0.8	215	292	131	194	0.74	0.75	0
Items In The Home	596	Farm equipment	0.67	0.77	0.59	0.86	215	291	131	192	0.73	0.78	0
Items In The Home	597	Chemical laboratory equipment	0.52	0.59	0.49	0.52	215	291	131	192	0.56	0.51	0.1
Items In The Home	598	Electronic laboratory equipment	0.53	0.62	0.77	0.59	214	292	130	194	0.58	0.67	0
Items In The Home	599	Botany or zoology laboratory equipment	0.5	0.57	0.27	0.42	214	291	131	194	0.54	0.36	0.36
Items In The Home	600	A tape recorder	0.93	0.93	0.93	0.93	214	292	131	194	0.93	0.93	0
Items In The Home	601	A movie or slide projector	0.94	0.9	0.88	0.89	214	292	131	194	0.92	0.89	0.06
Items In The Home	602	Leather working tools	0.66	0.58	0.39	0.65	213	290	131	193	0.62	0.56	0.12
Items In The Home	603	A typewriter	0.82	0.8	0.65	0.7	214	292	131	194	0.81	0.68	0.26
Items In The Home	604	An encyclopedia set	0.74	0.81	0.85	0.75	214	292	131	194	0.78	0.8	0
Items In The Home	605	Automotive tools or work shop	0.47	0.46	0.43	0.47	214	289	131	193	0.46	0.45	0.02
Items In The Home	606	An unabridged dictionary	0.43	0.43	0.34	0.37	214	291	131	190	0.43	0.36	0.14
Items In The Home	607	5 or more magazine subscriptions	0.58	0.66	0.52	0.76	214	290	131	194	0.63	0.68	0
Items In The Home	608	A world atlas	0.58	0.58	0.61	0.71	213	288	131	193	0.58	0.67	0
Items In The Home	609	Books in a foreign language	0.41	0.67	0.45	0.67	214	291	131	191	0.57	0.59	0
Items In The Home	610	A stop watch	0.68	0.61	0.88	0.64	214	290	131	194	0.64	0.76	0
Items In The Home	611	A tent or sleeping bag	0.85	0.77	0.84	0.87	212	292	131	194	0.81	0.86	0
Items In The Home	612	A barometer	0.69	0.68	0.71	0.76	213	290	131	193	0.68	0.74	0
Items In The Home	613	An FM radio	0.59	0.61	0.58	0.67	214	287	131	191	0.6	0.64	0
Items In The Home	614	2 or more cars	0.86	0.85	0.95	0.93	214	292	131	194	0.85	0.94	0
Items In The Home	615	A television set	1	0.91	0.92	0.92	215	292	131	194	1	0.92	0.16
Items In Room	811	The walls are blank (by choice)	0.35	0.54	0.4	0.28	216	293	135	195	0.46	0.33	0.26
Items In Room	812	Pennants	0.67	0.68	0.49	0.64	216	293	135	195	0.68	0.58	0.2
Items In Room	813	Pin-ups	0.51	0.41	0.2	0.51	216	293	135	195	0.45	0.39	0.12
Items In Room	814	Maps	0.55	0.51	0.62	0.42	216	293	135	195	0.53	0.51	0.04
Items In Room	815	A [hanging] mobile	0.31	0.55	0.23	0.32	216	293	135	195	0.46	0.28	0.36
Items In Room	816	Quotations and mottoes	0.5	0.59	0.25	0.44	216	293	135	195	0.55	0.37	0.36
Items In Room	817	Scientific models	0.31	0.33	0.08	0.32	216	293	135	195	0.32	0.22	0.2
Items In Room	818	Religious articles	0.58	0.65	0.33	0.64	216	293	135	195	0.62	0.53	0.18
Items In Room	819	Diplomas	0.47	0.41	0.25	0.49	216	293	135	195	0.44	0.4	0.08
Items In Room	820	Scholarship trophies	0.43	0.51	0.2	0.24	216	293	135	195	0.48	0.22	0.52
Items In Room	821	calendars or schedules	0.52	0.5	0.34	0.43	216	293	135	195	0.51	0.39	0.24
Items In Room	822	Abstract paintings	0.6	0.49	0.35	0.43	216	293	135	195	0.54	0.4	0.28
Items In Room	823	Other paintings or drawings	0.5	0.52	0.35	0.51	216	293	135	195	0.51	0.45	0.12
Items In Room	824	Photographs of friends	0.52	0.45	0.2	0.51	216	293	135	195	0.48	0.39	0.18
Items In Room	825	Sculpture	0.41	0.47	0.25	0.24	216	293	135	195	0.45	0.24	0.42
Items In Room	826	Jokes	0.63	0.24	0.21	0.38	216	293	135	195	0.43	0.31	0.24
Items In Room	827	Medals	0.44	0.41	0.39	0.4	216	293	135	195	0.42	0.4	0.04
Items In Room	828	Biological charts	0.39	0.66	0.66	0	216	293	135	195	0.56	0.31	0.5
Items In Room	829	Flags	0.42	0.42	0.45	0.53	216	293	135	195	0.42	0.5	0
Items In Room	830	Sports trophies	0.45	0.53	0.47	0.47	216	293	135	195	0.5	0.47	0.06
Items In Room	831	Sports equipment	0.51	0.27	0.12	0.23	216	293	135	195	0.38	0.19	0.38
Honors	1000	Did an independent, scientific experiment (not a course assignment)	0.32	0.22	0.12	0.18	216	293	135	195	0.26	0.16	0.2
Honors	1002	Invented a patentable device	0	0	0	0	216	293	135	195	0	0	0
Honors	1003	Had a paper published in a scientific journal	−0.01	0	0	0	216	293	135	195	0	0	0
Honors	1004	Built a piece of equipment or laboratory apparatus on my own (not course work)	0.21	0.17	0.19	−0.02	216	293	135	195	0.19	0.07	0.24
Honors	1005	Participated in a scientific contest or talent search	0.49	0.43	0.22	0.3	216	293	135	195	0.46	0.27	0.38
Honors	1011	Won a prize for any other scientific work or study	0.33	0.25	0.29	0.18	216	293	135	195	0.28	0.23	0.1
Honors	1012	Placed first, second or third in a: national speech or debate contest	0	0	0	0	216	293	135	195	0	0	0
Honors	1013	Placed first, second or third in a: regional or state speech or debate contest	0.27	0.19	0.72	0.48	216	293	135	195	0.22	0.59	0
Honors	1014	Placed first, second or third in a: city or county speech or debate contest	0.16	0.24	−0.03	0.22	216	293	135	195	0.21	0.12	0.18
Honors	1015	Placed first, second or third in a: school speech or debate contest	0.41	0.47	0.11	0.1	216	293	135	195	0.45	0.1	0.7
Honors	1016	Had a leading role in one or more plays	0.41	0.39	0.38	0.08	216	293	135	195	0.4	0.21	0.38
Honors	1017	Had minor roles in one or more players	0.35	0.43	0.48	0.26	216	293	135	195	0.4	0.36	0.08
Honors	1018	Wrote a play	0.49	0.31	0.23	0.48	216	293	135	195	0.39	0.38	0.02
Honors	1019	Directed a play	0.79	0.36	−0.02	0.26	216	293	135	195	0.59	0.15	0.88
Honors	1020	Appeared on radio or TV as a performer	0.41	0.51	0.14	0.56	216	293	135	195	0.47	0.41	0.12
Honors	1021	Read for a part in a high school or church play	0.44	0.48	0.3	0.33	216	293	135	195	0.46	0.32	0.28
Honors	1022	Read for a part in a play which was not sponsored by my school or church	0.1	0.48	−0.05	0.48	216	293	135	195	0.33	0.28	0.1
Honors	1023	Organized a school political group or campaign	0.33	0.42	0.14	0.19	216	293	135	195	0.38	0.17	0.42
Honors	1024	Organized my own business or service	0.39	0.57	0.32	−0.01	216	293	135	195	0.5	0.13	0.74
Honors	1025	Received a Junior Achievement award	0.17	0.27	0.1	0.29	216	293	135	195	0.23	0.21	0.04
Honors	1026	Composed music which has been given at least one public performance	−0.01	0.24	0.39	0	216	293	135	195	0.14	0.17	0
Honors	1027	Performed with a professional orchestra	0.32	0.44	0.23	−0.01	216	293	135	195	0.39	0.09	0.6
Honors	1028	Played in a school musical organization	0.71	0.65	0.57	0.5	216	293	135	195	0.68	0.53	0.3
Honors	1029	Played a musical instrument	0.57	0.65	0.5	0.64	216	293	135	195	0.62	0.59	0.06
Honors	1030	Played in a dance or jazz band for wages	0.47	0.33	0.31	−0.01	216	293	135	195	0.39	0.12	0.54
Honors	1031	Organized your own dance or jazz band	0.38	0	0.25	0	216	293	135	195	0.17	0.1	0.14
Honors	1032	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: national music contest	0.39	0.5	0.27	−0.01	216	293	135	195	0.45	0.11	0.68
Honors	1033	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: regional or state music contest	0.55	0.56	0.47	0.48	216	293	135	195	0.56	0.48	0.16
Honors	1034	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: city or county music contest	0.41	0.14	0.22	0.32	216	293	135	195	0.26	0.28	0
Honors	1035	Received a rating of ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ in a: school music contest	0.52	0.62	0.07	0.5	216	293	135	195	0.58	0.34	0.48
Honors	1036	Organized a singing group	0.45	0.53	0.3	0.28	216	293	135	195	0.5	0.29	0.42
Honors	1037	Directed (publicly) a band or orchestra	0.35	−0.01	0.27	0.49	216	293	135	195	0.15	0.41	0
Honors	1038	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A national art show	−0.01	−0.01	0	0.32	216	293	135	195	−0.01	0.19	0
Honors	1039	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A regional or state art show	−0.01	0.33	−0.01	0.16	216	293	135	195	0.19	0.09	0.2
Honors	1040	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A city or county art show	−0.03	0.46	−0.05	0.21	216	293	135	195	0.27	0.11	0.32
Honors	1041	Exhibited a work of art (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A school art show	0.23	0.32	0.05	0.23	216	293	135	195	0.28	0.16	0.24
Honors	1042	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A national art show	0	0.33	0	0	216	293	135	195	0.19	0	0.38
Honors	1043	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A regional or state art show	0	−0.01	−0.01	−0.02	216	293	135	195	−0.01	−0.02	0.02
Honors	1044	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A city or county art show	−0.02	0.54	−0.01	0.12	216	293	135	195	0.33	0.07	0.52
Honors	1045	Won a prize or award for an artistic creation (painting, sculpture, etc.) at: A school art show	−0.02	0.27	−0.02	−0.03	216	293	135	195	0.15	−0.03	0.36
Honors	1046	Won a prize or award for a work published in a public newspaper or magazine	−0.02	0.25	0.23	0.32	216	293	135	195	0.14	0.28	0
Honors	1047	Edited a school paper or literary magazine	0.19	0.34	0.08	0.27	216	293	135	195	0.28	0.19	0.18
Honors	1048	Won a literary award for creative writing	0.17	0.17	0.1	0.37	216	293	135	195	0.17	0.26	0
Honors	1049	Had poems, stories, essays or articles published in a school publication	0.43	0.47	0.15	0.4	216	293	135	195	0.45	0.3	0.3
Honors	1050	Wrote an original, but unpublished piece of creative writing on my own (not as part of a course)	0.32	0.33	0.14	0.4	216	293	135	195	0.33	0.3	0.06
Honors	1051	Published one or more issues of my own newspaper	0.39	0.39	−0.01	0.27	216	293	135	195	0.39	0.16	0.46
Honors	1052	Had poems, stories or articles published in a public newspaper or magazine (not school)	0.26	0.22	0.17	0.12	216	293	135	195	0.24	0.14	0.2

loehlin <- read.table(sep="|", quote="", file="loehlin.txt",
    colClasses=c("factor", "factor", "character", "numeric", "numeric", "numeric", "numeric",
                  "integer", "integer", "integer", "integer"), header=TRUE)
averageRviaZ <- function(r1, r2, n1, n2) { n <- n1+n2;
                 tanh(weighted.mean(c(atanh(r1), atanh(r2)), c(n1, n2))) }
averageRviaZ(0.39, 0.39, 216, 293)
# [1] 0.39
averageRviaZ(0.19, 0.34, 216, 293)
# [1] 0.2779414388
loehlin$Identical._r_ <- with(loehlin, round(digits=2,
    unlist(Map(averageRviaZ, Identical.Male._r_, Identical.Female._r_,
    Identical.Male._n_, Identical.Female._n_))))
loehlin$Fraternal._r_ <- with(loehlin, round(digits=2,
    unlist(Map(averageRviaZ, Fraternal.Male._r_, Fraternal.Female._r_,
    Fraternal.Male._n_, Fraternal.Female._n_))))
loehlin$H2 <- with(loehlin, unlist(Map(function(rmz, rdz) {
    round(digits=2, max(0.00, 2*(rmz-rdz)))}, Identical._r_, Fraternal._r_)))
 
summary(loehlin)
#                           Category         ID          Item           Identical.Male._r_   Identical.Female._r_ Fraternal.Male._r_
#  Objective Behavior Inventory :220    100   :  1   Length:376         Min.   :-0.0300000   Min.   :-0.0200000   Min.   :-0.0700000
#  Honors                       : 47    1000 :  1   Class :character   1st Qu.: 0.2600000   1st Qu.: 0.3575000   1st Qu.: 0.1375000
#  Items In The Home            : 41    1002 :  1   Mode :character   Median : 0.3850000   Median : 0.4500000   Median : 0.2700000
#  Done During Past Year        : 22    1003 :  1                      Mean   : 0.3861702   Mean   : 0.4428723   Mean   : 0.2891489
#  Items In Room                : 21    1004 :  1                      3rd Qu.: 0.5100000   3rd Qu.: 0.5500000   3rd Qu.: 0.4100000
#  Time Diary                   : 12    1005 :  1                      Max.   : 1.0000000   Max.   : 0.9800000   Max.   : 0.9500000
#  (Other)                      : 13   (Other):370
#  Fraternal.Female._r_ Identical.Male._n_ Identical.Female._n_ Fraternal.Male._n_ Fraternal.Female._n_ Identical._r_
#  Min.   :-0.0400000   Min.   :189.0000   Min.   :264.0000     Min.   :122.0000   Min.   : 93.0000     Min.   :-0.0100000
#  1st Qu.: 0.2275000   1st Qu.:214.0000   1st Qu.:290.0000     1st Qu.:134.0000   1st Qu.:194.0000     1st Qu.: 0.3300000
#  Median : 0.3600000   Median :215.0000   Median :291.0000     Median :135.0000   Median :194.0000     Median : 0.4200000
#  Mean   : 0.3544149   Mean   :214.0984   Mean   :290.5293     Mean   :133.7713   Mean   :193.4282     Mean   : 0.4224468
#  3rd Qu.: 0.4800000   3rd Qu.:215.0000   3rd Qu.:292.0000     3rd Qu.:135.0000   3rd Qu.:195.0000     3rd Qu.: 0.5200000
#  Max.   : 0.9700000   Max.   :216.0000   Max.   :293.0000     Max.   :135.0000   Max.   :195.0000     Max.   : 1.0000000
#
#  Fraternal._r_              H2
#  Min.   :-0.0300000   Min.   :0.0000000
#  1st Qu.: 0.2000000   1st Qu.:0.0600000
#  Median : 0.3100000   Median :0.1800000
#  Mean   : 0.3311436   Mean   :0.2106383
#  3rd Qu.: 0.4300000   3rd Qu.:0.3200000
#  Max.   : 0.9600000   Max.   :0.9200000
 
write.table(quote=FALSE, sep=" | ", row.names=FALSE, file="loehlin2.txt", loehlin)

Backlinks (5)⁠ for ⁠“Loehlin & Nichols1976: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins”⁠:

WallerEt Al1995, “Occupational and Leisure Time Interests, and Personality”

Extracting domain interests from Walleret al1995’s reported summary statistics & test-retest reliabilities, I compute pooled weighted correlations, corrected for measurement error based on the test-retest reliabilities, for use in the table of heritabilities.

Published in ⁠Assessing Individual Differences in Human Behavior: New Concepts, Methods, and Findings⁠, Lubinskiet al1995:

Table 2: 18 Leisure Time Interest Factors

Factor

Sample Item

Intellectual Interests

Reading or rereading literary classics

Politics

Working with others on political or social issues

Socializing

Getting together with a lively group of friends and acquaintances

Hunting-Fishing

Hunting small game, rabbits, squirrels, etc.

Sierra Club

Backpacking, hiking, camping out

Religion

Doing work for your church or synagogue

Husbandry

Rebuilding, repairing things (furniture, clothes, cars, machines, etc.)

Domestic

Working with fabrics, yarn (sewing, knitting, crocheting, tailoring, etc.)

Passive Entertainment

Watching TV adventure or comedy programs

Fitness

Jogging or running for exercise

Gambling

Betting on the horses, dog races, etc.

Police Calls-Fires

Going to fires

The Arts

Attending live theater or musicals

Foreign Travel

Going on a cruise ship to interesting places

Reading

Reading mystery or detective novels

Sports Fan

Attending sporting events (ballgames, races, hockey, etc.)

Swinging [dancing]

Nightlife (bars, nightclubs, discos, etc.)

Danger Seeking

Risky pastimes (hang gliding, mountain climbing, surfing, etc.)

[…]

A total of 768 pairs of Minnesota Registry twins were concordant in providing complete test data. Of these concordant pairs, 240 were asked to retake the Occupational Interests Inventory and the Leisure Time Interest Inventory between 2 to 3 years after the first administration; complete returns were obtained from both members of 198 pairs, 53 MZ and 52 DZ female pairs plus 49 MZ and 33 DZ male pairs. These data allowed us to investigate both the heritability and the stability of occupational and leisure time interests.

Quadratic regressions on age were computed for the interest scales separately by sex, and norms were constructed to permit the scale scores to be converted to age-corrected and sex-corrected t-scores with a mean of 50 and SD of 10. This procedure partials out the effects of age and sex on the intraclass correlations and subsequent heritability estimates (see McGue & Bouchard1984, for a justification of this procedure).

Tables 6 and 7 report the MZ and DZ intraclass correlations, heritabilities (h²), and test-retest stabilities for the occupational interest and leisure time interest scales from this sample. The heritabilities were computed via Falconer’s formula: twice the difference between the MZ and DZ correlations. This method provides valid estimates of heritability when the data satisfy the following assumptions: (a) assortative⁠ mating is absent, (b) genetic effects are purely additive, and (c) gene-environment interaction is minimal. Even when these assumptions are not entirely valid, minor violations of the assumptions should not vitiate the general conclusions. However, when the MZ correlations are more than twice the value of the corresponding DZ correlations, the MZ correlation itself is the best estimate of heritability (these estimates are shown in parentheses in the tables). We do not present these data as final estimates of heritability, but only as evidence that genetic factors statistically-significantly influence expressed interests.

N of pairs: [listed separately from Table 7, due to formatting limitations]

Male MZ: 148

Male DZ: 119

Female MZ: 273

Female DZ: 228

MZA: 33 (~22 female/11 male)⁠^⁠15⁠

Table 7: Heritabilities and Test-Retest Stabilities for 18 Leisure Time Interest Factors (Note: Parenthetical figures refer to estimates based on MZ correlations.)

Factors

MZ (male)

DZ (male)

Male h²

Test-retest MZ & DZ (male)

MZ (female)

DZ (female)

Female h²

Test-retest MZ & DZ (female)

MZA (M/F) h²

Intellectual Interests

0.57

0.20

(0.57)

0.80

0.59

0.27

(0.59)

0.76

0.54

Politics

0.46

0.20

(0.46)

0.70

0.42

0.27

0.30

0.70

0.16

Socializing

0.50

0.14

(0.50)

0.67

0.39

0.21

0.36

0.70

0.42

Hunting-Fishing

0.67

0.39

0.56

0.87

0.48

0.26

0.44

0.75

0.42

Sierra Club

0.51

0.26

0.50

0.70

0.56

0.24

(0.56)

0.79

0.53

Religion

0.52

0.36

0.32

0.83

0.63

0.28

(0.63)

0.82

0.57

Husbandry

0.63

0.17

(0.63)

0.80

0.41

0.08

(0.41)

0.68

0.65

Domestic

0.47

0.25

0.44

0.73

0.46

0.21

(0.46)

0.83

0.46

Passive Entertainment

0.51

0.13

(0.51)

0.68

0.52

0.18

(0.52)

0.75

0.46

Fitness

0.49

0.13

(0.49)

0.79

0.56

0.23

(0.56)

0.71

0.41

Gambling

0.61

0.33

0.56

0.83

0.45

0.35

0.20

0.78

0.48

Police Calls-Fires

0.49

0.15

(0.49)

0.74

0.44

0.28

0.32

0.66

0.77

The Arts

0.50

0.18

(0.50)

0.78

0.47

0.21

(0.47)

0.76

0.22

Foreign Travel

0.27

-0.05

(0.27)

0.52

0.43

0.11

(0.43)

0.57

0.17

Reading

0.45

0.07

(0.45)

0.69

0.46

0.18

(0.46)

0.72

0.16

Sports Fan

0.51

0.34

0.34

0.87

0.46

0.22

(0.46)

0.75

0.59

Swinging

0.43

0.15

(0.43)

0.75

0.45

0.20

(0.45)

0.77

0.47

Danger Seeking

0.39

0.26

0.26

0.63

0.43

0.14

(0.43)

0.75

0.46

The data reported in Tables 6 and 7 illustrate that the twin intercorrelations and test-retest stabilities for the interest scales were quite similar for both sexes. For example, the median MZ correlations for the occupational interest scales were 0.43 and 0.44 for the male and female subjects, respectively. The median DZ correlations were 0.18 and 0.21 for males and females, respectively. The median test-retest stabilities were 0.75 and 0.72. Within-pair correlations for MZ twins reared apart (MZA) directly estimate broad heritability Without relying on the assumptions of the Falconer formula. It is noteworthy that 4 of the 17 occupational interest scales yield negligible MZA correlations (0.13 or less), whereas 8 of them yield substantial correlations, ranging 0.41–0.65. The average MZA correlation for the occupational interest scales was 0.35, in contrast to 0.14 for 34 DZA pairs. The average MZA correlation for the 18 leisure time interest scales was 0.45, versus 0.18 for the DZA twins.

The data for the leisure time interest scales mirror almost exactly the pattern of relations found for occupational interests. The median MZ correlation was 0.50 for the males and 0.46 for the females. The median DZ correlations were 0.19 and 0.18 for males and females, respectively; the median test-retest stabilities were 0.75 for both sexes. As might be expected, less stable interests (eg. ‘Military’ or ‘Foreign Travel’) are associated with lower MZ correlations. Put another way, it is the stable component of interest variance that sets the upper limit for heritability. It may be that some of these interests are less stable because they are, in fact, less traited, that is, relatively large numbers of people do not have well-defined attitudes toward some of these occupations or activities.

The 3 sets of MZ/DZ/MZA correlations are converted to heritabilities by Falconer, the h² is corrected for the respective measurement error (ceiling at h² = 0.9 to avoid improbably high estimates or undefined z estimates), then converted to Fisher’s z, the weighted mean taken, and converted back to h²:

waller <- read.table(sep="|", quote="", file="waller.txt", header=TRUE)
f <- function(n1, mz1, dz1, merror1, n2, mz2, dz2, merror2, n3, mza3, merror3) {
    h2_1 <- 2*(mz1-dz1)
    h2_2 <- 2*(mz2-dz2)
    h2_3 <- mza3
 
    h2_1_latent <- min(0.9, h2_1 / sqrt(1*merror1))
    h2_2_latent <- min(0.9, h2_2 / sqrt(1*merror2))
    h2_3_latent <- min(0.9, h2_3 / sqrt(1*merror3))
 
    h2_1_latent_z <- atanh(h2_1_latent)
    h2_2_latent_z <- atanh(h2_2_latent)
    h2_3_latent_z <- atanh(h2_3_latent)
 
    h2_all <- tanh(weighted.mean(c(h2_1_latent_z, h2_2_latent_z, h2_3_latent_z), c(n1,n2,n3)))
    return(h2_all)
    }
waller$H2 <- with(waller, round(digits=2, unlist(Map(f, (148+119)/2, MZ..male., DZ..male., Test.retest.MZ...DZ,
    (273+228)/2, MZ..female., DZ..female., Test.retest.MZ...DZ.1,
    33, MZA.h2, Test.retest.MZ...DZ))))
subset(waller, select=c(Factors, H2))
#                Factors   H2
# Intellectual Interests 0.76
#               Politics 0.44
#            Socializing 0.64
#        Hunting-Fishing 0.53
#            Sierra Club 0.68
#               Religion 0.66
#              Husbandry 0.84
#               Domestic 0.54
#  Passive Entertainment 0.82
#                Fitness 0.78
#               Gambling 0.39
#     Police Calls-Fires 0.61
#               The Arts 0.62
#         Foreign Travel 0.84
#                Reading 0.75
#             Sports Fan 0.51
#               Swinging 0.59
#         Danger Seeking 0.57

Backlinks (1)⁠ for ⁠“WallerEt Al1995, “Occupational and Leisure Time Interests, and Personality””⁠:

Amusing Ourselves to Death?⁠ (context⁠):
⁠[backlink context]

BBC: “most Americans in 1790_235ya consumed an average 5.8 gallons of pure alcohol a year…In 1830_195ya, consumption peaked at 7.1 gallons a year and drinking became a moral issue…[contemporary] Americans drink an average of 2.3 gallons of pure alcohol a year.”
I was struck by ⁠Netflix’s 2019-01-17⁠ quarterly shareholder letter where they estimate they have ~10% of the US television market—because they serve 100 million hours of viewing-time per day (or to put it another way, ~143 human-lifetimes per day), and estimate total US viewing-time at ~1 billion hours.
Also impressive is Valve’s⁠ estimate of computer gaming-time done just through Steam⁠: ⁠>20 billion hours annually.
Austan Goolsbee⁠ provides an example from political advertising’s negative attack ads:

…As with special effects in movies, consumers become desensitized to ads the more they see them. The scary creatures from 1950s films, the shark in Jaws or the spaceships from science-fiction movies of the 1990s now often look like jokes. Political ads often age badly, too. In his history of negative campaigning, Going Dirty⁠, David Mark writes that in the 1994_31ya election, dozens of Republican congressional candidates used “morphing” technology in ads to visually transform their Democratic opponents into President Bill Clinton, to devastating effect. But, in my observation, even one election cycle later, with the technology outdated and overused, people stopped responding. That’s why political consultants say straightforward TV ads no longer work. People tune them out. As technology develops, the same wearout effect is likely to occur with advertising based on fake news. As we are inundated with new, targeted, deceptive ads, we may get sick of them and, perhaps, stop finding them persuasive. For now, it’s the best hope we have.
For more background on early studies of musical occupation & perception, see ⁠The Psychology of Musical Ability⁠, Shuter1968.
There are a few candidate-gene studies but they look typical & no more likely to replicate than the usual candidate-gene study.
Perhaps surprisingly, personality traits don’t seem to do a good job of predicting interests, to quote ⁠Hansen1984⁠: “for the most part, correlational studies between interest scores and personality scores have been extremely disappointing.”
See Nettle2006⁠/Penkeet al2007⁠/Penke & Jokela2016⁠. Personality GCTAs⁠ typically find near-zero additive SNP heritabilities and accordingly, as of 2018, even very large GWASes using 23andMe/UKBB⁠ have failed to find more than a few hits for any of the Big Five personality traits⁠ or explain more than a few percentage points of variance⁠ despite the usual ≥50% heritability from twin studies.
Specifically: “a self-report inventory addressing involvement in different arts and science domains. Here, only the music item was used which consisted of 7 statements about music achievement, ranging from (1) ‘I am not engaged in music at all’ via (4) ‘I have played or sung, or my music has been played in public concerts in my home town, but I have not been paid for this’ to (7) ‘I am professionally active as a musician and have been reviewed/featured in the national or international media and/or have received an award for my musical activities’.”
From ⁠Tesser1993⁠; re Tesser1993, see also Olsonet al2001 & Conway III et al 2011⁠.
See also Lykkenet al1993⁠ & Walleret al1995.
See also Simonson & Sela2009⁠.

Smithet al2016, “Genetic and environmental influences on food preferences in adolescence”⁠, reports basic foodstuffs and 2 factors pertaining to more optional/recreational types of food in TEDS:

“fruit”: h² = 0.49
“snacks”: h² = 0.43

Food-level correlations are reported; picking out a subset which strike me as being optional/recreational and calculating heritabilities from Table 2⁠:

Table of 18 selected snack/dessert/junk food preference heritabilities estimated via Falconer’s formula from Smithet al2016.
Foodstuff	r_MZ	r_DZ	Falconer	h²
Oranges	0.400	0.177	2 × (0.400 − 0.177)	0.45
Grapes	0.429	0.107	2 × (0.429 − 0.107)	0.64
Apples	0.553	0.000	2 × (0.553 − 0.000)	1.00
Melon	0.342	0.139	2 × (0.342 − 0.139)	0.41
Peaches	0.489	0.231	2 × (0.489 − 0.231)	0.52
Apricots	0.381	0.205	2 × (0.381 − 0.205)	0.35
Strawberries	0.460	0.082	2 × (0.460 − 0.082)	0.76
Cream	0.266	0.013	2 × (0.266 − 0.013)	0.51
Yogurt	0.310	0.067	2 × (0.310 − 0.067)	0.49
Custard	0.494	0.203	2 × (0.494 − 0.203)	0.58
Chips	0.339	0.071	2 × (0.339 − 0.071)	0.54
Plain biscuits	0.329	0.200	2 × (0.329 − 0.200)	0.26
Chocolate biscuits	0.276	0.107	2 × (0.276 − 0.107)	0.34
Cake	0.179	0.140	2 × (0.179 − 0.140)	0.08
Ice cream	0.293	0.095	2 × (0.293 − 0.095)	0.40
Chocolate	0.277	0.076	2 × (0.277 − 0.076)	0.40
Crisps	0.362	0.114	2 × (0.362 − 0.114)	0.50
Gummy sweets	0.420	0.152	2 × (0.420 − 0.152)	0.54
Sugared cereal	0.347	0.206	2 × (0.347 − 0.206)	0.28

Similar food-level twin correlations are reported from the Gemini study in “Nature and nurture in children’s food preferences”, Fildeset al2014⁠, and Vinket al2020⁠. See also the 23andMe GWASes on ⁠ice cream⁠ & ⁠chocolate⁠. Linet al2020⁠ is an interesting study on fat taste perception.

See also ⁠Frederiksen & Christensen2003⁠, ⁠Stubbe & de Geus2009⁠, Aaltonenet al2014⁠.
Nichols1979 is sometimes cited as Nichols1976, and internally it references the upcoming publication of Loehlin & Nichols1976; this is because it is an expansion/republication of a Nichols1976 “Invited address presented at the American Psychological Association meeting, Washington, D. C., September 4, 1976_49ya.”, hence the confusion over years in citations.
“33 pairs of adult MZ twins (MZA twins) and 34 pairs of DZ (DZA) twins who had been separated in infancy and reared apart. This sample is more fully described in ⁠Tellegenet al1988⁠.”

Amusing Ourselves to Death?

Heritability of Leisure-Time Activities & Media Consumption

MaTCH

General Literature

External Links

Appendix

Literature Review

Loehlin & Nichols1976: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins

WallerEt Al1995, “Occupational and Leisure Time Interests, and Personality”

Backlinks

Similar Links

Bibliography

Factor	Sample Item
Intellectual Interests	Reading or rereading literary classics
Politics	Working with others on political or social issues
Socializing	Getting together with a lively group of friends and acquaintances
Hunting-Fishing	Hunting small game, rabbits, squirrels, etc.
Sierra Club	Backpacking, hiking, camping out
Religion	Doing work for your church or synagogue
Husbandry	Rebuilding, repairing things (furniture, clothes, cars, machines, etc.)
Domestic	Working with fabrics, yarn (sewing, knitting, crocheting, tailoring, etc.)
Passive Entertainment	Watching TV adventure or comedy programs
Fitness	Jogging or running for exercise
Gambling	Betting on the horses, dog races, etc.
Police Calls-Fires	Going to fires
The Arts	Attending live theater or musicals
Foreign Travel	Going on a cruise ship to interesting places
Reading	Reading mystery or detective novels
Sports Fan	Attending sporting events (ballgames, races, hockey, etc.)
Swinging [dancing]	Nightlife (bars, nightclubs, discos, etc.)
Danger Seeking	Risky pastimes (hang gliding, mountain climbing, surfing, etc.)