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3. Joel On The Economics of Open Source

4. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1250958

5. https://www.amazon.com/Information-Rules-Strategic-Network-Economy/dp/087584863X

6. https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/ibm/

7. The Creation of the IBM PC

8. IBM’s New Flavor

9. This Is Your Father’s IBM, Only Smarter: How a Former Has-Been Kicked Its Old Habits, Got Open-Source Religion, and Regained Its Status As One of the Biggest, Baddest Tech Companies on Earth.

10. Netscape

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12. Navigating Corporate Giants: Jeffrey Snover and the Making of PowerShell

13. Open Source As a Strategic Weapon

14. Why Apple Bought $578M Worth Of Sapphire In Advance

15. Inside Apple‘s Broken Sapphire Factory: How $1 Billion Bet on IPhone Screens Failed; the ‘Boule Graveyard’

16. Open Source Fonts Are Love Letters to the Design Community: Typefaces that be freely used and modified give others a chance to hone their craft—and share valuable feedback

17. New Year, New GitHub: Announcing Unlimited Free Private Repos and Unified Enterprise Offering

18. npm is joining GitHub

19. Alphabet Backs GitLab‘s Quest to Surpass Microsoft’s GitHub

20. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17048329

21. https://www.computerworld.com/article/1369965/is-history-repeating-itself-with-antitrust-battle.html

22. The Case Against Google

23. Big Blue Open Sources Power Chip Instruction Set

24. The Man Who Makes The Future: Wired Icon Marc Andreessen

25. Twenty Years Ago, Microsoft Tried to Eliminate Its Competition in the Race for the Future of the Internet. The Government Had Other Ideas.

26. Understanding Jane Street: Strong Language

27. Well-Typed - The Haskell Consultants

28. Japanese Anime Studio Khara Moving to Blender

29. Improving Real-time Rendering of Dynamic Digital Characters in Cycles

30. 2020-04-02-netflix-bringing4kandhdrtoanimeatnetflixwithsollevante.html

31. Interview with Ryan Dancey: D20 System and Open Gaming Movement

32. Strategizing industry structure: the case of open systems in a low-tech industry

33. Dungeons & Dragons Live-Action Series Ordered By Paramount+ From Rawson Marshall Thurber, EOne & Paramount Pictures

34. https://paizo.com/community/blog/v5748dyo6si7v

35. https://www.dndbeyond.com/posts/1423-an-update-on-the-open-game-license-ogl

36. ‘StarCraft II': How Blizzard Brought the King of E-Sports Back From the Dead: The Complete Story of How One of E-Sports’s Biggest Franchises, Rose, Fell, and May yet Live Again

37. Owning E-Sports: Proprietary Rights in Professional Computer Gaming

38. Valve Is A Wonderful Upstream Contributor To Linux & The Open-Source Community - Phoronix

39. Steam Deck Won’t Have Any Exclusive Games, Valve Confirms

40. The Most Important Video Game on the Planet: How Fortnite Became the Instagram of Gaming

41. Godot Arrives in the Epic Games Store

42. Google Will Lose $50 Million or More in 2018 from Fortnite Bypassing the Play Store

43. An Interview With Peter Mulholland, Ex-VP

44. At the Time, I Was Partially Motivated to Give the Game Industry a Backup in Case Microsoft Execs Decided to Clamp Down. They Visited Valve and Threatened to Do This by Squeezing Steam Out. Looking Back, Bill Gates’s Microsoft Is Ancient History so This Worry Seems Totally Silly Now… I Enjoy It When Most Others Who Don’t Actually Understand the PC or Video Game Business Laugh at the Effort. They Have No Idea—Their Mental Models Are Too Small. This Goes Way Deeper Than Even Video Games. Some Extremely Senior Ex-MS Developers, the Types Who Go Home to Large Estates, Contributed to the Project in a Coding Capacity. They Didn’t Trust Windows at All—They Feared It.

45. Esports and the Dangers of Serving at the Pleasure of a King

46. 2 Years Ago, India Lacked Fast, Cheap Internet—One Billionaire Changed All That: Mukesh Ambani’s National 4G Network for Reliance Jio, Which Charges Pennies for Data, Is Bringing Hundreds of Millions Online for the First Time

47. How Google Wants To Rewire The Internet

48. A Purpose-Built Global Network: Google's Move to SDN: A Discussion With Amin Vahdat, David Clark, and Jennifer Rexford

49. Microsoft Showcases the Azure Cloud Switch (ACS)

50. ​ How Many Computers Are In Your Computer?

51. ​ Slowing Moore’s Law: How It Could Happen

52. Intel and SoftBank Beware. Open Source Is Coming to the Chip Business: Intel, ARM Targeted by Project That Began As a Teaching Tool; Big Tech Companies Explore RISC-V in Search of ‘Freedom’

53. Google wants RISC-V to be a ‘tier-1’ Android architecture: Google's keynote at the RISC-V Summit promises official, polished support

54. Arm seeks to raise prices ahead of hotly anticipated IPO: SoftBank-owned group aims to charge more for each chip design in radical shake-up of business model

55. https://gpus.llm-utils.org/nvidia-h100-gpus-supply-and-demand/#how-do-the-big-clouds-compare

56. ​ ‘retrieval AI’ directory

57. Microsoft thinks AI can beat Google at search—CEO Satya Nadella explains why: AI is coming for your browser, your social media, and your operating system, too

58. https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/1373nhq/discussion_mark_zuckerberg_on_metas_strategy_on/

59. LLaMa-1: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

60. https://openai.com/index/whisper/

61. Civitai: The Home of Open-Source Generative AI

62. Stability AI Announcement

63. Stability AI Explores Sale As Investor Urges CEO to Resign: Move Follows Letter from Investor Coatue Calling for Changes; Coatue Concerned about Stability AI’s Financial Position

64. EleutherAI

65. Bigscience/bloom

66. Hypersim: A Photorealistic Synthetic Dataset for Holistic Indoor Scene Understanding

67. Why Doesn't Apple Enable Sustainable Businesses on the App Store?

68. Apple Doesn’t Want Your IPhone App to Make Money

69. Google Maps has become an eyesore § comments

70. How Facebook, Apple and Microsoft Are Contributing to an Openly Licensed Map of the World: Multinational Organisations Are Collaborating in the Open to Build an Openly Licensed Map of the World: OpenStreetMap. Here‘s What We’ve Learned so Far about What Makes This Kind of Collaboration Work Best

71. Lyft’s Secret Plan to Take Control of Its Maps

72. Corporate Editors in the Evolving Landscape of OpenStreetMap

73. Mapping Roads through Deep Learning and Weakly Supervised Training

74. Mapillary Joins Facebook on the Journey of Improving Maps Everywhere: Today We'Re Announcing That Mapillary Has Joined Facebook on the Quest to Improve Maps Everywhere and for Everyone.

75. Linux, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft want to break the Google Maps monopoly: Overture Maps Foundation wants to end the oppressive rule of the Google Maps API

76. With One Battle Over, a Bigger One Looms for Qualcomm: Apple

77. The Untold Story: How The IPhone Blew Up The Wireless Industry

78. DNA Sequencing Costs: Data

79. Why Honda's Waymo Talks Failed and GM Clinched the Deal

80. Will Tech Leave Detroit in the Dust? As IPO Proposals Value Uber at an Eye-Popping $120 Billion, Auto Makers Are Racing to Gain Ground in Everything from Car Sharing to Driverless Technology. At Stake: Who Will Control the Future of Transportation

81. Facebook’s Open Compute Project

82. Facebook Announces Next-Generation Open Rack Frame

83. Amazon’s Quiet Open Source Revolution: After Years of Getting a Free Ride from Open Source Projects, the Company Is Developing Its Own Obsession With Contributing

84. Keeping Open Source Open—Open Distro for Elasticsearch

85. Amazon: NOT OK - Why We Had to Change Elastic Licensing

86. Stepping up for a Truly Open Source Elasticsearch

87. Introducing Finch: An Open Source Client for Container Development

88. Prime Leverage: How Amazon Wields Power in the Technology World—Software Start-Ups Have a Phrase for What Amazon Is Doing to Them: ‘Strip-Mining’ Them of Their Innovations

89. The Decline of Imgur on Reddit and the Rise of Reddit's Native Image Hosting

90. Why Vevo Gave up Trying to Fight YouTube

91. ​ Darknet Market Archives (2013–2015)

92. ​ Darknet Market mortality risks

93. Against the Grain: How We Built the Next Generation Online Travel Agency Using Amazon, Clojure, and a Comically Small Team

94. The Oral History of Travel's Greatest Acquisition, Booking.com: The inside Story of Twin Deals That Created an Online Hotel-Booking Juggernaut

95. The Google Squeeze

96. The Online Reservations That Restaurants Love to Hate

97. Who Controls Diners’ Data? OpenTable Moves to Assert Control: Some Restaurateurs Say Booking Service Is Trying to Squeeze Rival SevenRooms; OpenTable Says It Is Protecting User Privacy

98. With the Slice App, Local Pizzerias Get a Bigger Piece of the Market

99. YC Safe Financing Documents

100. Startup School - The Best Resource for Founders

101. ​ Technology Holy Wars are Coordination Problems

102. https://www.filfre.net/

103. » The IBM PC, Part 1

104. The IBM PC, Part 2

105. The IBM PC, Part 3

106. The IBM PC, Part 4

107. Better Than Free

108. Stevey's Google Platforms Rant

109. Digital Sharecropping

110. The Wheel of Reincarnation

111. The Command Line In 2004

112. Aggregation Theory

113. ‘Crowds’ of Amateurs & Professional Entrepreneurs in Marketplaces

114. The Grand Unified Theory On The Economics Of Free

115. A Look at the Complicated Business of Funding Open Source Software Development

116. Roads and Bridges: The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure

117. Is Npm worth 26MM?

118. https://blog.mozilla.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/MZOTS_OS_Archetypes_report_ext_scr.pdf#page=2

119. https://staltz.com/time-till-open-source-alternative.html

120. Moore’s Not Enough: 4 New Laws of Computing: Moore’s and Metcalfe’s conjectures are taught in classrooms every day—these four deserve consideration, too

121. Hyperspecialization and hyperscaling: A resource-based theory of the digital firm

122. Databases in 2024: A Year in Review

123. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17047348

124. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18854854

125. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25476266

126. https://www.reddit.com/r/slatestarcodex/comments/8kfdod/gwern_laws_of_tech_commoditize_your_complement/

127. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy

128. Wikipedia Bibliography:

     1. Joel Spolsky

     2. Carl Shapiro  :

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Shapiro

     3. Hal Varian

     4. Substitute good

     5. Complementary good

     6. IBM

     7. IBM Personal Computer § History  :

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer#History

     8. IBM System/23 Datamaster  :

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster

     9. Industry Standard Architecture  :

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture

     10. Micro Channel architecture  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture

     11. IBM PC DOS  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS

     12. Compaq  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq

     13. MS-DOS  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS

     14. Lou Gerstner  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gerstner

     15. GNU Manifesto  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Manifesto

     16. Netscape

     17. Netscape (web browser)  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)

     18. Oracle iPlanet Web Server  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_iPlanet_Web_Server

     19. Netscape Application Server  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Application_Server

     20. Transmeta  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmeta

     21. Linus Torvalds  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds

     22. Linux

     23. Sun Microsystems  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems

     24. Hewlett-Packard  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard

     25. Ximian  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximian

     26. GNOME

     27. The Cathedral and the Bazaar  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar

     28. Windowing system  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system

     29. NeWS

     30. NewWave  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewWave

     31. StarOffice  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice

     32. Java (software platform)  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)

     33. Java bytecode  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode

     34. .NET Framework

     35. Bytecode

     36. Microsoft Excel

     37. OS/2

     38. QuarkXPress  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuarkXPress

     39. C (programming language)

     40. Apache HTTP Server  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server

     41. Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Sun_Microsystems_by_Oracle_Corporation

     42. Internet Information Services  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services

     43. IBM WebSphere  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_WebSphere

     44. X Window System  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System

     45. Digital Equipment Corporation  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation

     46. Two-sided market

     47. Symbian  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian

     48. IOS

     49. Android (operating system)

     50. Shapley value

     51. Economic surplus § Consumer surplus  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplus#Consumer_surplus

     52. Vertical integration  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

     53. TrueType

     54. GitLab

     55. GitHub

     56. OS/360 and successors

     57. PowerPC  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC

     58. Interchange fee

     59. Academic publishing § Publishers and business aspects  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing#Publishers_and_business_aspects

     60. Lisp machine

     61. Jon Mittelhauser  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Mittelhauser

     62. Lawrence Lessig

     63. Red Hat  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat

     64. XEmacs § History  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs#History

     65. Eclipse (software)

     66. Visual Studio Code

     67. Haskell

     68. Scala (programming language)  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)

     69. Clojure

     70. Autodesk

     71. AutoCAD  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD

     72. Autodesk Maya  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_Maya

     73. Blender (software)

     74. Horizon Worlds  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_Worlds

     75. Tabletop role-playing game

     76. Open gaming

     77. Wizards of the Coast

     78. Dungeons & Dragons

     79. Ryan Dancey  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Dancey

     80. Open Game License

     81. GNU General Public License

     82. Editions of Dungeons & Dragons § Dungeons & Dragons 3^rd edition  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons#Dungeons_&_Dragons_3rd_edition

     83. D20 System

     84. Player's Handbook  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player%27s_Handbook

     85. Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons:_Honor_Among_Thieves

     86. Kickstarter

     87. Open Game License § Leaked OGL1.1 draft  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Game_License#Leaked_OGL1.1_draft

     88. Paizo  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paizo

     89. Critical Role  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Role

     90. Darrington Press  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrington_Press

     91. Valve Corporation

     92. Steam (service)

     93. Epic Games

     94. Steam Machine (computer)  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Machine_(computer)

     95. Steam Deck

     96. Fortnite

     97. Unreal Engine

     98. Epic Games Store  :

         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games_Store

     99. Godot (game engine)

     100. Unity (game engine)

     101. SteamOS  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamOS

     102. Virtual reality

     103. HTC Vive

     104. Reality Labs

     105. Esports  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports

     106. Riot Games  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Games

     107. Blizzard Entertainment

     108. League of Legends in esports  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Legends_in_esports

     109. Overwatch League  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_League

     110. Net neutrality  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality

     111. 2008 United States wireless spectrum auction § Google involvement  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_wireless_spectrum_auction#Google_involvement

     112. Google Fiber  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber

     113. Zero-rating  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-rating

     114. Jio  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jio

     115. Mukesh Ambani  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Ambani

     116. Cisco  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco

     117. Software-defined networking  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_networking

     118. RISC-V

     119. X86

     120. ARM architecture family

     121. Nvidia

     122. CUDA

     123. AMD

     124. OpenCL  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCL

     125. TensorFlow

     126. Tensor processing unit

     127. Kaggle

     128. Project Jupyter § History  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Jupyter#History

     129. Microsoft Bing

     130. Midjourney

     131. Stable Diffusion

     132. NovelAI  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NovelAI

     133. Pixiv

     134. Emad Mostaque

     135. CoreWeave

     136. Hugging Face

     137. Bixby (software)  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixby_(software)

     138. Google Assistant  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant

     139. Google Maps

     140. OpenStreetMap

     141. Mapillary  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapillary

     142. Apple Maps

     143. Four square  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_square

     144. Craigslist

     145. Linux Foundation

     146. TomTom

     147. IPhone

     148. Illumina, Inc

     149. 23andMe

     150. BGI Group

     151. Complete Genomics  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Genomics

     152. 23andMe § FDA  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23andMe#FDA

     153. Uber

     154. Lyft

     155. Self-driving car

     156. Waymo

     157. Cruise (autonomous vehicle)

     158. Crypton Future Media  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypton_Future_Media

     159. Vocaloid

     160. Hatsune Miku  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsune_Miku

     161. Saki Fujita  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saki_Fujita

     162. VTuber

     163. List of mergers and acquisitions by Meta Platforms  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Meta_Platforms

     164. Instagram

     165. WhatsApp

     166. Expedia  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia

     167. Elasticsearch  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticsearch

     168. Amazon Web Services

     169. Kubernetes  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes

     170. Docker (software)  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)

     171. Imgur  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imgur

     172. Reddit

     173. Vevo  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo

     174. Hulu

     175. Darknet market

     176. Roomkey  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomkey

     177. OpenTable  :

          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenTable

     178. Seamless (company)

     179. Grubhub

     180. Uber Eats

     181. DoorDash

     182. Slice (app)

     183. Y Combinator

     184. Hacker news

     185. Tragedy of the anticommons

     186. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty

     187. Zero to One

     188. Kevin Kelly (editor)