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[107 Senate Committee Prints] [From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access] [DOCID: f:83869.wais] S. Prt. 107-84
EXECUTIVE SESSIONS OF THE SENATE PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS ======================================================================= VOLUME 1 __________ EIGHTY-THIRD CONGRESS FIRST SESSION 1953 MADE PUBLIC JANUARY 2003 Printed for the use of the Committee on Governmental Affairs ________ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 83-869 WASHINGTON : 2003 ____________________________________________________________________________ For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS 107th Congress, Second Session JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut, Chairman CARL LEVIN, Michigan FRED THOMPSON, Tennessee DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii TED STEVENS, Alaska RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio MAX CLELAND, Georgia THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah MARK DAYTON, Minnesota JIM BUNNING, Kentucky PETER G. FITZGERALD, Illinois Joyce A. Rechtschaffen, Staff Director and Counsel Richard A. Hertling, Minority Staff Director Darla D. Cassell, Chief Clerk ------ PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS CARL LEVIN, Michigan, Chairman DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii, SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois TED STEVENS, Alaska ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio MAX CLELAND, Georgia THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah MARK DAYTON, Minnesota JIM BUNNING, Kentucky PETER G. FITZGERALD, Illinois Elise J. Bean, Staff Director and Chief Counsel Kim Corthell, Minority Staff Director Mary D. Robertson, Chief Clerk COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS 83rd Congress, First Session JOSEPH R. McCARTHY, Wisconsin, Chairman KARL E. MUNDT, South Dakota JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, Minnesota HENRY C. DWORSHAK, Idaho HENRY M. JACKSON, Washington EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois JOHN F. KENNEDY, Massachusetts JOHN MARSHALL BUTLER, Maryland STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri CHARLES E. POTTER, Michigan ALTON A. LENNON, North Carolina Francis D. Flanagan, Chief Counsel Walter L. Reynolds, Chief Clerk ------ PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS JOSEPH R. McCARTHY, Wisconsin, Chairman KARL E. MUNDT, South Dakota JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas \1\ EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois HENRY M. JACKSON, Washington \1\ CHARLES E. POTTER, Michigan STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri \1\ Roy M. Cohn, Chief Counsel Francis P. Carr, Executive Director Ruth Young Watt, Chief Clerk assistant counsels Robert F. Kennedy Donald A. Surine Thomas W. La Venia Jerome S. Adlerman Donald F. O'Donnell C. George Anastos Daniel G. Buckley investigators Robert J. McElroy Herbert S. Hawkins James N. Juliana G. David Schine, Chief Consultant Karl H. W. Baarslag, Director of Research Carmine S. Bellino, Consulting Accountant La Vern J. Duffy, Staff Assistant ---------- \1\ The Democratic members were absent from the subcommittee from July 10, 1953 to January 25, 1954. C O N T E N T S ---------- Page Volume 1 Preface.......................................................... xi Introduction..................................................... xiii Russell W. Duke, January 15...................................... 1 Testimony of Russell W. Duke. Russell W. Duke, January 16...................................... 33 Testimony of Edward P. Morgan. Stockpiling in General Services Administration, January 26....... 97 Testimony of George Willi; and Maxwell H. Elliott. Stockpiling of Strategic Materials, January 29................... 121 Testimony of Downs E. Hewitt. File Destruction in Department of State, January 26.............. 143 Testimony of John E. Matson. File Destruction in Department of State, January 27.............. 177 Testimony of Helen B. Balog. File Destruction in Department of State, January 28.............. 207 Testimony of Malvina M. Kerr; and Vladimir I. Toumanoff. File Destruction in Department of State, January 29.............. 283 Testimony of Robert J. Ryan; and Mansfield Hunt. Payment for Influence--Gas Pipeline Matter, January 26........... 321 Testimony of Eugene H. Cole. Payment for Influence--Gas Pipeline Matter, January 27........... 337 Testimony of Eugene H. Cole. Payment for Influence--Gas Pipeline Matter, February 7........... 349 Testimony of Clyde Austin; O.V. Wells; and John W. Carlisle. Payment for Influence--Gas Pipeline Matter, March 3.............. 379 Testimony of Vernon Booth Lowrey. Payment for Influence--Gas Pipeline Matter, March 24............. 393 Testimony of James M. Bryant. Violation of Export Control Statutes, February 2................. 411 Testimony of E.L. Kohler. Voice of America, February 13.................................... 457 Testimony of Lewis J. McKesson; Virgil H. Fulling; Edwin Kretzmann; and Howard Fast. Voice of America, February 14.................................... 499 Testimony of Lewis J. McKesson; James M. Moran; George Q. Herrick; Newbern Smith; Stuart Ayers; Larry Bruzzese; and Nancy Lenkeith. Voice of America--Transmission Facilities, February 16........... 577 Testimony of Wilson R. Compton; and General Frank E. Stoner. Voice of America, February 17.................................... 599 Testimony of Harold C. Vedeler. Voice of America, February 23.................................... 615 Testimony of Nathaniel Weyl; Donald Henderson; Alfred Puhan; James F. Thompson; and Reed Harris. Voice of America, February 24.................................... 715 Testimony of W. Bradley Connors. Voice of America, February 28.................................... 719 Testimony of Fernand Auberjonois; Norman Stanley Jacobs; Raymond Gram Swing; and Troup Mathews. Voice of America, March 3........................................ 765 Testimony of Jack B. Tate. Voice of America, March 7........................................ 769 Testimony of Mrs. William Grogan; and Dorothy Fried. Voice of America, March 10....................................... 795 Testimony of David Cushman Coyle; John Francis McJennett, Jr.; and Robert L. Thompson. Voice of America, March 16....................................... 881 Testimony of Charles P. Arnot. Loyalty Board Procedures, March 18............................... 903 Testimony of John H. Amen. Volume 2 State Department Information Service--Information Centers, March 23....................................................... 913 Testimony of Mary M. Kaufman; Sol Auerbach (James S. Allen); and William Marx Mandel. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, March 24....................................................... 945 Testimony of Samuel Dashiell Hammett; Helen Goldfrank; Jerre G. Mangione; and James Langston Hughes. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, March 25....................................................... 999 Testimony of Mary Van Kleeck; and Edwin Seaver. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, March 31....................................................... 1015 Testimony of Edward W. Barrett. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, April 1........................................................ 1045 Testimony of Dan Mabry Lacy. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, April 24....................................................... 1071 Testimony of James A. Wechsler--published in 1953. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, April 28....................................................... 1073 Testimony of Theodore Kaghan. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, May 5. 1115 Testimony of James A. Wechsler--published in 1953. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, May 5. 1117 Testimony of Millen Brand. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, May 6. 1123 Testimony of John L. Donovan. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, May 13 1135 Testimony of James Aronson; and Cedric Belfrage. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, May 19 1161 Testimony of Julien Bryan. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, July 1 1193 Testimony of Richard O. Boyer; Rockwell Kent; Edwin B. Burgum; Joseph Freeman; George Seldes; and Doxey Wilkerson. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, July 2 1217 Testimony of Allan Chase. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, July 7 1223 Testimony of Eslanda Goode Robeson; Arnaud d'Usseau; and Leo Huberman. State Department Information Service--Information Centers, July 14............................................................. 1231 Testimony of Harvey O'Connor. State Department Teacher-Student Exchange Program, May 20........ 1235 Testimony of Naphtali Lewis. State Department Teacher-Student Exchange Program, May 25........ 1245 Testimony of Helen B. Lewis; Naphtali Lewis; and Margaret Webster. State Department Teacher-Student Exchange Program, May 26........ 1267 Testimony of Aaron Copland. State Department Teacher-Student Exchange Program, June 8........ 1291 Testimony of Rachel Davis DuBois; and Dr. Dorothy Ferebee. State Department Teacher-Student Exchange Program, June 19....... 1305 Testimony of Clarence F. Hiskey. State Department Teacher-Student Exchange Program, June 19....... 1311 Testimony of Harold C. Urey. Trade with Soviet-Bloc Countries, May 20......................... 1321 Trade with Soviet-Bloc Countries, May 25......................... 1329 Testimony of Charles S. Thomas; Louis W. Goodkind; Thruston B. Morton; Kenneth R. Hansen; and Vice Admiral Walter S. Delaney. Austrian Incident, June 3........................................ 1349 Testimony of V. Frank Coe. Austrian Incident, June 5........................................ 1367 Testimony of V. Frank Coe. Communist Party Activities, Western Pennsylvania, June 17........ 1373 Testimony of Louis Bortz; and Herbert S. Hawkins. Communist Party Activities, Western Pennsylvania, June 18........ 1395 Testimony of Louis Bortz. Special Meeting, July 10......................................... 1399 Alleged Bribery of State Department Official, July 13............ 1415 Testimony of Juan Jose Martinez-Locayo. Internal Revenue, July 31........................................ 1431 Testimony of T. Coleman Andrews. Security--Government Printing Office, August 10.................. 1439 Testimony of Mary S. Markward; Edward M. Rothschild; Esther Rothschild; and James B. Phillips. Security--Government Printing Office, August 11.................. 1473 Testimony of Frederick Sillers; Gertrude Evans; and Charles Gift. Security--Government Printing Office, August 11.................. 1497 Testimony of Raymond Blattenberger; and Phillip L. Cole. Security--Government Printing Office, August 12.................. 1515 Testimony of Ernest C. Mellor; and S. Preston Hipsley. Security--Government Printing Office, August 13.................. 1527 Testimony of Irving Studenberg. Security--Government Printing Office, August 13.................. 1533 Testimony of Gertrude Evans; and Charles Gift. Security--Government Printing Office, August 14.................. 1547 Testimony of Howard Merold; Jack Zucker; Howard Koss; and Isadore Kornfield. Security--Government Printing Office, August 15.................. 1563 Testimony of Cleta Guess; James E. Duggan; and Adolphus Nichols Spence. Security--Government Printing Office, August 18.................. 1573 Testimony of Roy Hudson Wells, Jr.; and Phillip Fisher. Security--Government Printing Office, August 19.................. 1577 Testimony of Joseph E. Francis; Samuel Bernstein; and Roscoe Conkling Everhardt. Security--Government Printing Office, August 21.................. 1595 Testimony of Florence Fowler Lyons. Security--Government Printing Office, August 29.................. 1603 Testimony of Alfred L. Fleming; Carl J. Lundmark; Earl Cragg; and Harry Falk. Stockpiling and Metal Program, August 21......................... 1615 Statement of Robert C. Miller. Communist Infiltration Among Army Civilian Workers, August 31.... 1625 Testimony of Doris Walters Powell; Francesco Palmiero; and Albert E. Feldman. Communist Infiltration Among Army Civilian Workers, September 1.. 1651 Testimony of Cpt. Donald Joseph Kotch; Stanley Garber; Jacob W. Allen; Deton J. Brooks, Jr.; Col. Ralph M. Bauknight; Doris Walters Powell; Francesco Palmiero; Marvel Cooke; and Paul Cavanna. Communist Infiltration Among Army Civilian Workers, September 2.. 1695 Testimony of Mary Columbo Palmiero; Col. Wallace W. Lindsay; Col. Wendell G. Johnson; Maj. Harold N. Krau; Louis Francis Budenz; Augustin Arrigo; and Muriel Silverberg. Communist Infiltration Among Army Civilian Workers, September 3.. 1729 Testimony of John Stewart Service; Donald Joseph Kotch; Michael J. Lynch; and Jacob W. Allen. Communist Infiltration Among Army Civilian Workers, September 8.. 1745 Testimony of H. Donald Murray. Communist Infiltration Among Army Civilian Workers, September 9.. 1777 Testimony of Alexander Naimon; John Lautner; Esther Leenov Ferguson. Volume 3 Security--United Nations, September 14........................... 1807 Testimony of Julius Reiss; and Florence Englander. Security--United Nations, September 15........................... 1833 Testimony of Paul Crouch; Dimitri Varley; Abraham Unger; and Alice Ehrenfeld. Security--United Nations, September 16........................... 1877 Testimony of Frank Cernrey; and Helen Matousek. Security--United Nations, September 17........................... 1889 Testimony of Abraham Unger; Vachel Lofek; and David M. Freedman. Communist Infiltration in the Army, September 21................. 1899 Testimony of Igor Bogolepov; Vladimir Petrov; Gen. Richard C. Partridge; and Samuel McKee. Communist Infiltration in the Army, September 23................. 1913 Testimony of Louis Budenz; Harriett Moore Gelfan; and Corliss Lamont. Korean War Atrocities, October 6................................. 1923 Testimony of Edward J. Lyons, Jr.; Lt. Col. Lee H. Kostora; Maj. James Kelleher; Lt. Col. J. W. Whitehorne, III; Gen. Fenn; and John Adams. Korean War Atrocities, October 31................................ 1943 Korean War Atrocities, November 30............................... 1965 Testimony of 1st Lt. Henry J. McNichols, Jr.; Sgt. Barry F. Rhoden; Capt. Linton J. Buttrey; Sgt. Carey H. Weinel; Col. James M. Hanley; Pfc. John E. Martin; Capt. Alexander G. Makarounis. Korean War Atrocities, December 1................................ 2043 Testimony of Lt. Col. John W. Gorn; Lt. Col. James T. Rogers; Cpl. Lloyd D. Kreider; Sgt. Robert L. Sharps; William L. Milano; Sgt. Wendell Treffery; Sgt. George J. Matta; Cpl. Willie L. Daniels; Sgt. John L. Watters, Jr.; Sgt. Orville R. Mullins; and Donald R. Brown. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 8........... 2119 Statements of Paul Siegel; Jerome Corwin; Allen J. Lovenstein; Edward J. Fister; William P. Goldberg; and Jerome Rothstein. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 9........... 2201 Statements of Alan Sterling Gross; Dr. Fred B. Daniels; Bernard Lipel; James Evers; Sol Bremmer; Murray Miller; Sherwood Leeds; Paul M. Leeds. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 12.......... 2275 Statements of Louis Volp; William Patrick Lonnie; Henry F. Burkhard; Marcel Ullmann; and Herbert F. Hecker. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 12.......... 2303 Testimony of Marcel Ullmann; Morris Keiser; Seymour Rabinowitz; Rudolph C. Riehs; and Carl Greenblum. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 13.......... 2329 Testimony of Joseph Levitsky; William Ludwig Ullman; Bernard Martin; Louis Kaplan; Harry Donohue; Jack Frolow; Bernard Lewis; and Craig Crenshaw. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 14.......... 2389 Testimony of Harold Ducore; Aaron H. Coleman; Samuel Pomerentz; and Haym G. Yamins. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 14.......... 2457 Testimony of Harold Ducore; Jack Okun; and Maj. Gen. Kirke B. Lawton. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 15.......... 2487 Testimony of Vivian Glassman Pataki; Eleanor Glassman Hutner; Samuel I. Greenman; Ira J. Katchen; Max Elitcher; Eugene E. Hutner; Col. John V. Mills; Maj. James J. Gallagher; Marcel Ullmann; Benjamin Zuckerman; and Benjamin Bookbinder. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 16.......... 2563 Testimony of Maj. Gen. Kirke Lawton; Maj. Gen. George I. Back; Maj. Jenista; Col. Ferry; John Pernice; Karl Gerhard; Carl Greenblum; Markus Epstein; and Leo M. Miller. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 17.......... 2625 Testimony of Alfred C. Walker; Joseph Levitsky; and Louis Antell. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 22.......... 2649 Testimony of Fred Joseph Kitty; Jack Okun; Aaron Coleman; and Barry S. Bernstein. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 22.......... 2697 Testimony of Benjamin Wolman; Harvey Sachs; Leonard E. Mins; and Sylvia Berke. Volume 4 Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 23.......... 2729 Testimony of Sidney Glassman; David Ayman; Lawrence Freidman; Elba Chase Nelson; Herbert S. Bennett; Joseph H. Percoff; Lawrence Aguimbau; and Perry Seay. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 26.......... 2777 Statements of Benjamin Zuckerman; Hans Inslerman; Thomas K. Cookson; Doris Seifert; Lafayette Pope; Ralph Iannarone; Saul Finkelstein; Abraham Lepato; Irving Rosenheim; and Richard Jones, Jr. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 27.......... 2815 Statements of Edward Brody; Max Katz; Henry Jasik; Capt. Benjamin Sheehan; Russell Gaylord Ranney; Susan Moon; Peter Rosmovsky; and Sarah Omanson. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, October 30.......... 2851 Statements of Harold Ducore; Stanley R. Rich; Nathan Sussman; Louis Leo Kaplan; Carl Greenblum; Sherrod East; Jacob Kaplan; James P. Scott; Bernard Lee; and Melvin M. Morris. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, November 2.......... 2893 Statements of William Johnston Jones; Murray Nareell; Samuel Sack; Joseph Bert; Raymond Delcamp; Leo Fary; and Irving Stokes. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, November 3.......... 2919 Testimony of Abraham Chasanow; Joseph H. Percoff; Solomon Greenberg; Isadore Solomon; William Saltzman; and Samuel Sack. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, November 4.......... 2953 Testimony of Victor Rabinowitz; Wendell Furry; Diana Wolman; Abraham Brothman; Norman Gaboriault; Harvey Sachs; Sylvia Berke; and Benjamin Wolman. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, November 5.......... 3033 Testimony of Harry Hyman; Vivian Glassman Pataki; Gunnar Boye; Alexander Hindin; Samuel Paul Gisser; Stanley Berinsky; Ralph Schutz; and Henry Shoiket. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, November 16......... 3083 Testimony of Rear Admiral Edward Culligan Forsyth; Samuel Snyder; Ernest Pataki; Albert Socol; Joseph K. Crevisky; Ignatius Giardina; and Leon Schnee. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, November 17......... 3125 Testimony of James Weinstein; Harry Grundfest; Harry Pastorinsky; Emery Pataki; and Charles Jassik. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, November 25......... 3151 Testimony of Morris Savitt; Albert Fischler; James J. Matles; Bertha Singer; and Terry Rosenbaum. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, December 10......... 3171 Testimony of Michael Sidorovich; and Ann Sidorovich. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, December 10......... 3175 Statement of Samuel Levine. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, December 14......... 3199 Testimony of Albert Shadowitz; Pvt. David Linfield; Shirley Shapiro; and Sidney Stolbert. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, December 15......... 3221 Testimony of Ezekiel Heyman; Lester Ackerman; Sigmond Berger; Ruth Levine; Bennett Davies; John D. Saunders; Norman Spiro; Carter Lemuel Burkes; John R. Simkovich; Linda Gottfried; Joseph Paul Komar; John Anthony DeLuca; and Sam Morris. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, December 16......... 3273 Testimony of Wilbur LePage; Martin Levine; John Schickler; David Lichter; Albert Burrows; Seymour Butensky; and Kenneth John Way. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, December 17......... 3309 Statements of Irving Israel Galex; Harry Lipson; Seymour Janowsky; Harry M. Nachmais; Curtis Quinten Murphy; Martin Schmidt; and David Holtzman. Army Signal Corps--Subversion and Espionage, December 18......... 3349 Statements of Joseph John Oliveri; Philip Joseph Shapiro; Samuel Martin Segner; Joseph Linton Layne; and Harry William Levitties. Transfer of Occupation Currency Plates--Espionage Phase, October 19..................................................... 3403 Testimony of William H. Taylor; and Alvin W. Hall. Transfer of Occupation Currency Plates--Espionage Phase, October 21..................................................... 3425 Testimony of Elizabeth Bentley. Transfer of Occupation Currency Plates--Espionage Phase, November 10.................................................... 3431 Statement of Walter F. Frese. Subversion and Espionage in Defense Establishments and Industry, November 12.................................................... 3445 Testimony of Jean A. Arsenault; Sidney Friedlander; Theresa Mary Chiaro; Albert J. Bottisti; Anna Jegabbi; Emma Elizabeth Drake; Henry Daniel Hughes; Abden Francisco; Joseph Arthur Gebhardt; Emanuel Fernandez; Robert Pierson Northrup; Lawrence Leo Gebo; William J. Mastriani; Gordon Belgrave; Arthur Lee Owens; John Sardella; and Rudolph Rissland. Subversion and Espionage in Defense Establishments and Industry, November 13.................................................... 3545 Testimony of Lillian Krummel; Dewey Franklin Brashear; Arthur George; Higeno Hermida; Paul K. Hacko; Alex Henry Klein; Harold S. Rollins; and John Starling Brooks. Subversion and Espionage in Defense Establishments and Industry, November 18.................................................... 3585 Testimony of Karl T. Mabbskka; James John Walsh; Nathaniel Mills; Robert Goodwin; Henry Canning Archdeacon; Donald Herbert Morrill; Francis F. Peacock; William Richmond Wilder; Donald R. Finlayson; Theodore Pappas; George Homes; Alexander Gregory; Witoutos S. Bolys; Benjamin Alfred; and Witulad Piekarski. Transfer of the Ship ``Greater Buffalo'', December 8............. 3609 Testimony of Paul D. Page, Jr.; and George J. Kolowich. Personnel Practices in Government--Case of Telford Taylor, December 8..................................................... 3639 Testimony of Philip Young. PREFACE ---------- The power to investigate ranks among the U.S. Senate's highest responsibilities. As James Madison reasoned in The Federalist Papers: ``If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels governed men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place, oblige it to control itself.'' It is precisely for the purposes of government controlling itself that Congress investigates. A century after Madison, another thoughtful authority on Congress, Woodrow Wilson, judged the ``vigilant oversight of administration'' to be as important as legislation. Wilson argued that because self-governing people needed to be fully informed in order to cast their votes wisely, the information resulting from a Congressional investigation might be ``even more important than legislation.'' Congress, he said, was the ``eyes and the voice'' of the nation. In 1948, the Senate established the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations to continue the work of a special committee, first chaired by Missouri Senator Harry Truman, to investigate the national defense program during World War II. Over the next half century, the Subcommittee under our predecessor Chairmen, Senators John McClellan, Henry Jackson, Sam Nunn, William Roth, and John Glenn, conducted a broad array of hard-hitting investigations into allegations of corruption and malfeasance, leading repeatedly to the exposure of wrongdoing and to the reform of government programs. The phase of the Subcommittee's history from 1953 to 1954, when it was chaired by Joseph McCarthy, however, is remembered differently. Senator McCarthy's zeal to uncover subversion and espionage led to disturbing excesses. His brow |