---
/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index
‘Gene Wolfe’ tag
2013-05-16
2024-09-10
fiction/fantasy fiction/science-fiction
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>fiction/gene-wolfe</code>, most recent first: 2 <a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 14 <a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 10 <a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/fiction/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#gwern-2024-marxbrothers-section" id="toc-gwern-2024-marxbrothers-section">“Was Wolfe’s Short Story ‘The Fat Magician’: Inspired by the Marx Brothers’ <em>A Night at the Opera</em>?”, Gwern 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#gwern-kyon-section" id="toc-gwern-kyon-section">“The Melancholy of Kyon”, Gwern 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#gwern-immoral-book-section" id="toc-gwern-immoral-book-section">“Immoral Books”, Gwern 2010</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#just-man-2-section" id="toc-just-man-2-section">“Loyal to the Group of 17’s Story—The Just Man”, Wolfe 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#wolfe-2007-section" id="toc-wolfe-2007-section">“Nor the Summers As Golden: Writing Multivolume Works”, Wolfe 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#hall-2007-section" id="toc-hall-2007-section">“An Interview With Gene Wolfe”, Hall 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#person-2007-section" id="toc-person-2007-section">“Suns <em>New</em>, <em>Long</em>, and <em>Short</em>: An Interview With Gene”, Person 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#section" id="toc-section">“The Wolfe & Gaiman Show”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#wolfe-1995-section" id="toc-wolfe-1995-section">“Cavalry in the Age of the Autarch”, Wolfe 1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#jones-1989-section" id="toc-jones-1989-section">“<em>There Are Doors</em> by Gene Wolfe (Book Review)”, Jones 1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#wolfe-1987-section" id="toc-wolfe-1987-section">“The Ethos of Elfland: An Introduction to the Many Realms of Fantasy by One of Faerie’s Brightest Bards”, Wolfe 1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#wolfe-1983-section" id="toc-wolfe-1983-section">“Melito’s Story—The Cock, the Angel, and the Eagle”, Wolfe 1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#wolfe-1980-section" id="toc-wolfe-1980-section">“<em>The Shadow Of The Torturer</em>: The Master of the Curators”, Wolfe 1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“2002 Interview With Gene Wolfe on Neil Gaiman”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“On Encompassing the Entire Universe: An Interview With Gene Wolfe”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#i7NWBkB_-section" id="toc-i7NWBkB_-section"><em>An Evil Guest</em>, Wiki 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#yGqFVwdC-section" id="toc-yGqFVwdC-section">“Wolfe Wiki: Introduction”, Wiki 2024</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/fiction/gene-wolfe/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index
‘Emacs’ tag
2021-01-25
2024-11-27
cs/security
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="1278" width="1770" src="/doc/cs/lisp/1988-walker-figure4-symbolicsdocumentexaminerscreen-demonstrationofbrowsingwithcurrentcandidatesbookmarksandcommands.png" title="Figure 4: Document Examiner screen display. The viewer area contains the first screenful of a section, whose bookmark is marked in the Bookmarks pane (right bottom). The Candidates pane contains the result of a search for relevant topics (right top). Several Recent commands are visible in the Command pane (bottom)." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>cs/lisp/emacs</code>, most recent first: 30 <a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a> & 8 <a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/cs/lisp/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#UHOQ84fg-section" id="toc-UHOQ84fg-section">“<code>markdown.el</code>”, Gwern 2024</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section" id="toc-section">“Emacs Arbitrary Code Execution and How to Avoid It”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#abelson-sussman-2024-section" id="toc-abelson-sussman-2024-section">“Keynote Presentation by Hal Abelson & Gerald Sussman at the 14<sup>th</sup> RacketCon § Emacs”, Abelson & Sussman 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#rougier-2020-section" id="toc-rougier-2020-section">“Get Things Done With Emacs”, Rougier 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#corallo-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-corallo-et-al-2020-section">“Bringing GNU Emacs to Native Code”, Corallo et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Interlisp Revival”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#gerasimov-2019-section" id="toc-gerasimov-2019-section">“Building Personal Search Infrastructure for Your Knowledge and Code: Overview of Search Tools for Desktop and Mobile; Using Emacs and Ripgrep As Desktop Search Engine”, Gerasimov 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#luu-2017-terminal-section" id="toc-luu-2017-terminal-section">“Terminal Latency”, Luu 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#fatin-2015-section" id="toc-fatin-2015-section">“Typing With Pleasure”, Fatin 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“<em>Elite</em> for Emacs”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“Summers on Haskell and {Eclipse, Emacs}: End of the Summer”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#binstock-2008-section" id="toc-binstock-2008-section">“Interview With Donald Knuth”, Binstock 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#raymond-2003-2-section" id="toc-raymond-2003-2-section">“The Jargon File (version 4.4.7): H: Holy Wars”, Raymond 2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#walker-1988-section" id="toc-walker-1988-section">“Supporting Document Development With Concordia”, Walker 1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#greenberg-1979-section" id="toc-greenberg-1979-section">“Multics Emacs History/Design/Implementation”, Greenberg 1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#eL18iNGF-section" id="toc-eL18iNGF-section">“The Right Size for an Editor”, Raymond 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“Emacs: Bookmarks”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“Lightning Fast Emacs: Running Daemon on Startup”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“General Emacs Tips”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“Building Personal Search Infrastructure for Your Knowledge and Code”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-8" id="toc-section-8">“My Emacs Shortcuts for Writing Annotations”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-9" id="toc-section-9">“Karlicoss/dotemacs: Emacs Config (Doom/Spacemacs) + Supplementary Files and Scripts”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-10" id="toc-section-10">“<code>popweb</code>: Show Popup Web Window for Emacs”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-11" id="toc-section-11">“Pen.el”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-12" id="toc-section-12">“Markdown Mode for Emacs”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-13" id="toc-section-13">“It’s All up for Grabs [In Emacs], Compound With Glue”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-14" id="toc-section-14">“Browse Url”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-15" id="toc-section-15">“Markdown Mode”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-16" id="toc-section-16">“Table Mode”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-17" id="toc-section-17">“Emacs Wiki: <span class="logotype-tex">T<sub>e</sub>X</span> Input Method”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#section-18" id="toc-section-18">“Emacs Manual: Keyboard Macros: 17.3. The Keyboard Macro Counter”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/cs/lisp/emacs/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index
‘schizoid personality’ tag
2020-08-10
2024-11-25
psychology/personality
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>psychiatry/autism/schizoid</code>, most recent first: 9 <a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a> (<a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#section" id="toc-section">“I’m a Shut-In. This Is My Story.”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#liu-et-al-2022-01-section" id="toc-liu-et-al-2022-01-section">“The Relationship of Major Diseases With Childlessness: a Sibling Matched Case-Control and Population Register Study in Finland and Sweden”, Liu et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#orcutt-2017-section" id="toc-orcutt-2017-section">“Schizoid Fantasy: Refuge or Transitional Location? § The Boy on the Bicycle”, Orcutt 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#wolff-1995-section" id="toc-wolff-1995-section"><em>Loners: The Life Path of Unusual Children</em>, Wolff 1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#horney-1950-section" id="toc-horney-1950-section">“<em>Neurosis and Human Growth</em>: Chapter 11: ’Resignation: The Appeal of Freedom’”, Horney 1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Anno’s Suicide Attempt(?) § Rei & Schizoid Personality”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“Schizoids.info”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“The Anti-Autism Manifesto [Schizoid]”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“/r/Schizoid/”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/autism/schizoid/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/harberger
Self-Funding Harberger Taxes
Gwern
2024-11-21
2024-11-22
economics/copyright economics/mechanism-design
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Copyright mechanism proposal to solve the orphan works problem: self-assessed Harberger taxes on any inherited copyright are then invested, and dedicated to eventually buying out the owners. Works are either immediately public-domained, or the owners voluntarily ‘sell’ them if their value underperforms a baseline investment.</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/harberger#harberger-taxation" id="toc-harberger-taxation">Harberger Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/harberger#pricing-opportunity-cost" id="toc-pricing-opportunity-cost">Pricing Opportunity Cost</a></li>
<li><a href="/harberger#standing-buyout-offers" id="toc-standing-buyout-offers">Standing Buyout Offers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/harberger#self-funding" id="toc-self-funding">Self-Funding</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/harberger#self-funding-harberger-tax-buyouts" id="toc-self-funding-harberger-tax-buyouts">Self-Funding Harberger Tax Buyouts</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/harberger#problem-stripping" id="toc-problem-stripping">Problem: Stripping</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/harberger#other-uses" id="toc-other-uses">Other Uses</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/tla#effective-gpt-4-programming
CQK Is The First Unused TLA § Effective GPT-4 Programming
Gwern
2023-09-29
2023-11-11
ai/nn/transformer/gpt/codex
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail outline invert-not" height="1078" width="1770" src="/doc/wikipedia/2023-10-01-gwern-tla-lettervsunusedtlaswiththatletterpercentageoverthealphabet.png" title="Unused TLAs by letter composition, showing rarer letters predict more unused TLAs." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Curious what the first ‘unused’ alphabetic acronym is, I have <a href="https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-research/">GPT-4</a> write a script to check English Wikipedia. After three bugs, the first unused one turns out as of 2023-09-29 to be the three-letter acronym ‘CQK’, with another 2.6k TLA unused, and 393k four-letter acronyms unused. Exploratory analysis suggests alphabetical order effects as well as letter-frequency.</p>
</div>
<p>Reports of GPT-4 coding utility vary widely. I’ve found it useful, so these sections cover my tips on using it as of November 2023.</p>
<p>I also include a list of example uses I’ve made besides this TLA page’s code.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/tla#used-criteria" id="toc-used-criteria">Used Criteria</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#script" id="toc-script">Script</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#effective-gpt-4-programming" title="‘CQK Is The First Unused TLA § Effective GPT-4 Programming’, Gwern 2023" id="toc-effective-gpt-4-programming">Effective GPT-4 Programming</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/tla#system-prompt" id="toc-system-prompt">System Prompt</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#inner-monologue" id="toc-inner-monologue">Inner Monologue</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#case-studies" id="toc-case-studies">Case Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#acronym-generation" id="toc-acronym-generation">Acronym Generation</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#string-munging" id="toc-string-munging">String Munging</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/tla#blind-spot" id="toc-blind-spot">Blind Spot</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/tla#results" id="toc-results">Results</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/tla#checking" id="toc-checking">Checking</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#python" id="toc-python">Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#patterns" id="toc-patterns">Patterns</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/tla#sparsity" id="toc-sparsity">Sparsity</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#letter-frequency-effect" id="toc-letter-frequency-effect">Letter Frequency Effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#order-letter-frequency-effects" id="toc-order-letter-frequency-effects">Order & Letter-Frequency Effects</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#further-work" id="toc-further-work">Further Work</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/tla#conclusion" id="toc-conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#external-links" id="toc-external-links">External Links</a></li>
<li><a href="/tla#appendix" id="toc-appendix">Appendix</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/tla#unused-numerical-acronyms" id="toc-unused-numerical-acronyms">Unused Numerical Acronyms</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index
‘HRV’ tag
2022-02-17
2024-10-24
exercise psychology/neuroscience psychology/willpower
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability</code>, most recent first: 1 <a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tag</a>, 6 <a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 2 <a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#rodoplu-arabaci-2021-section" id="toc-rodoplu-arabaci-2021-section">“Non-Invasive Investigation On Heart Rate Variability And Energy Expenditure During Competition And Physical Activity Of Chess Players”, Rodoplu & Arabaci 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#mygind-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-mygind-et-al-2019-section">“Effects of Public Green Space on Acute Psychophysiological Stress Response: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence”, Mygind et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#park-et-al-2010-section" id="toc-park-et-al-2010-section">“The Physiological Effects of <em>Shinrin-Yoku</em> (taking in the Forest Atmosphere or Forest Bathing): Evidence from Field Experiments in 24 Forests across Japan”, Park et al 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#troubat-et-al-2008-section" id="toc-troubat-et-al-2008-section">“The Stress of Chess Players As a Model to Study the Effects of Psychological Stimuli on Physiological Responses: an Example of Substrate Oxidation and Heart Rate Variability in Man”, Troubat et al 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#morris-et-al-2003-section" id="toc-morris-et-al-2003-section">“Adjunctive Virtual Reality Pain Relief After Traumatic Injury: a Proof-Of-Concept Within-Person Randomized Trial”, Morris et al 2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#section" id="toc-section">“A Systematic Review of Heart Rate Variability As a Measure of Stress in Medical Professionals”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/quantified-self/heart-rate-variability/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/lorem-table
Lorem Ipsum: Tables
Gwern
2020-09-27
2022-11-10
cs/js
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail outline invert-not" height="1126" width="1770" src="/doc/design/2022-04-13-gwern-gwernnet-index-desktop-small.png" title="Screenshot of the website Gwern.net’s homepage mid-2022 (small desktop view), showing sidebar, logo, introduction, and first 2 sections of links to essays. It is a minimalist monochrome design emphasizing powerful link popup capabilities." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Tables test subset of <code>/lorem</code></p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/lorem-table#tables" id="toc-tables">Tables</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/lorem-unicode
Lorem Ipsum: Unicode
Gwern
2020-09-27
2022-11-10
cs/css
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail outline invert-not" height="1126" width="1770" src="/doc/design/2022-04-13-gwern-gwernnet-index-desktop-small.png" title="Screenshot of the website Gwern.net’s homepage mid-2022 (small desktop view), showing sidebar, logo, introduction, and first 2 sections of links to essays. It is a minimalist monochrome design emphasizing powerful link popup capabilities." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Unicode character test subset of <code>/lorem</code></p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/lorem-unicode#unicode-characters" id="toc-unicode-characters">Unicode Characters</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/review/the-bridge
Review of <em>The Bridge</em>
Gwern
2024-04-28
2024-04-30
fiction/criticism psychiatry
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline-not" height="452" width="512" src="/doc/philosophy/ethics/1558-bruegeltheelder-landscapewiththefalloficarus-crop-thumbnail-512px.jpg" title="Cropped section of Bruegel the Elder’s 1558 oil painting ‘Landscape with the Fall of Icarus’, showing Icarus fatally falling into the water, unnoticed by a passing ship, illustrating the indifference of man and the world to individual suffering." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Documentary about suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge sheds little light on the brute facts of suffering and mental illness—facts which perhaps <em>cannot</em> be conveyed to others (on film or otherwise), and are inherently private.</p>
</div>
---
/help
Site Help
Gwern
2024-04-05
2024-09-29
cs/js meta
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline-not" height="868" width="1690" src="/doc/cs/css/2023-11-08-gwern-gwernnet-essaypopup-catitecture-withanxiousblackcatatwindowsillthumbnail.png" title="Screenshot of Gwern.net popup features." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Short cheatsheet documentation about Gwern.net keybindings & features.</p>
</div>
---
/note/nashx
The exploding Nash 2-of-2 NashX equilibrium
Gwern
2021-05-15
2024-11-29
bitcoin/nashx
---
/fiction/the-diamond-earrings
The Diamond Earrings
Gwern
2023-05-09
2024-10-16
fiction/science-fiction philosophy/ethics philosophy/mind psychology/willpower
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Short story varying ‘The Whispering Earring’ on willpower and Goodharting values.</p>
</div>
---
/book-writing
Why To Not Write A Book
Gwern
2024-08-22
2024-09-17
psychiatry/anxiety psychiatry/depression psychology/writing
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline-not" height="1552" width="1550" src="/doc/design/2001-10-19-spongebob-s2e37-procrastination-thecalligraphy.jpg" title="Screenshot of <em>SpongeBob SquarePants</em>, ‘Procrastination’ episode (Season 2, Episode 37): Spongebob has spent hours writing a fancy calligraphic dropcap of the word ‘the’, and failed to write the rest of his 800-word homework essay, illustrating the dangers for a writer of yakshaving & typographic design." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>A discussion of why I don’t intend to turn Gwern.net into a book, and how trying to write a book can harm writers.</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/book-writing#bad-reasons-for-books" id="toc-bad-reasons-for-books">Bad Reasons For Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/book-writing#costs-of-books" id="toc-costs-of-books">Costs of Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/book-writing#case-studies" id="toc-case-studies">Case Studies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/book-writing#wait-but-why" id="toc-wait-but-why"><em>Wait But Why</em>?</a></li>
<li><a href="/book-writing#anonymous" id="toc-anonymous">Anonymous</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/book-writing#keeping-the-book-inside-them" id="toc-keeping-the-book-inside-them">Keeping The Book Inside Them</a></li>
<li><a href="/book-writing#external-links" id="toc-external-links">External Links</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/oen
Number Search Engine via NN Embeddings
Gwern
2024-08-10
2024-08-25
ai/nn/retrieval math reinforcement-learning/exploration
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Proposal to create a ‘search engine’ like OEIS but for individual numbers, allowing fuzzy lookups, by training a neural net embedding on the scientific & mathematic literature’s corpus of co-occurring numbers, and by known special transformations.</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/oen#oeis-limitations" id="toc-oeis-limitations">OEIS Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="/oen#similar-numbers" id="toc-similar-numbers">‘Similar’ Numbers?</a></li>
<li><a href="/oen#learning-embeddings" id="toc-learning-embeddings">Learning Embeddings</a></li>
<li><a href="/oen#oen" id="toc-oen">OEN</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/earwax#east-asian-survey
Why Cats Love Earwax § East Asian Survey
Gwern
2019-11-05
2024-08-21
survey
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline" height="512" width="512" src="/doc/cat/psychology/earwax/2024-08-24-gwern-ideogramv2-blackcatbleppinghumanearforearwax-512px.png" title="Illustration of a black Russian Blue cat blepping in order to lick a human ear for its earwax; outlined monochrome pen-and-ink 1920s stylized Japanese manga black cat (right) with greedy eyes licking a human ear (left). Generated by Gwern Branwen using Ideogram (model version 2) on 2024-08-24." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Collation of anecdotes and speculation about why many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat">cats</a> like earwax, and human earwax especially. Is it the valeric acid?</p>
</div>
<p>In August 2024, I ran an Internet survey on Prolific of <em>n</em> = 250 East Asian cat-owners asking about earwax type & if they had observed an earwax response from their cat. A majority had dry earwax, and most had not exposed their cat to earwax; of those who did, a majority observed no response; and of responders, 26% of dry earwax owners noted a response vs 43% of wet. This confirms that cats have individual differences in earwax response, and that dry earwax can trigger a weaker response—consistent with the valeric acid theory.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/earwax#chemistry" id="toc-chemistry">Chemistry</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/earwax#valerian" id="toc-valerian">Valerian</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/earwax#anecdotes" id="toc-anecdotes">Anecdotes</a></li>
<li><a href="/earwax#east-asian-survey" title="‘Why Cats Love Earwax § East Asian Survey’, Gwern 2019" id="toc-east-asian-survey">East Asian Survey</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/earwax#survey-results" id="toc-survey-results">Survey Results</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index
‘Hope function’ tag
2019-04-01
2024-08-21
statistics/survival-analysis
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="504" width="722" src="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/with-replacement.png" title="" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>statistics/bayes/hope-function</code>, most recent first: 1 <a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tag</a>, 2 <a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 6 <a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#bernhardsson-2016-section" id="toc-bernhardsson-2016-section">“NYC Subway Math”, Bernhardsson 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#falk-et-al-2012-section" id="toc-falk-et-al-2012-section">“The Ups and Downs of the Hope Function In a Fruitless Search”, Falk et al 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/bayes/hope-function/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index
‘Sydney (AI)’ tag
2023-03-14
2024-10-02
ai/nn/retrieval reinforcement-learning/multi-agent reinforcement-learning/preference-learning reinforcement-learning/safe statistics/stylometry/truesight
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney</code>, most recent first: 2 <a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 30 <a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 43 <a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#gwern-2024-04-section" id="toc-gwern-2024-04-section">“What Is an ‘AI Warning Shot’?”, Gwern 2024</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#roose-2024-section" id="toc-roose-2024-section">“How Do You Change a Chatbot’s Mind? When I Set out to Improve My Tainted Reputation With Chatbots, I Discovered a New World of A.I. Manipulation”, Roose 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#duhigg-2023-section" id="toc-duhigg-2023-section">“The Inside Story of Microsoft’s Partnership With OpenAI: The Companies Had Honed a Protocol for Releasing Artificial Intelligence Ambitiously but Safely. Then OpenAI’s Board Exploded All Their Carefully Laid Plans”, Duhigg 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#dotan-seetharaman-2023-section" id="toc-dotan-seetharaman-2023-section">“Microsoft and OpenAI Forge Awkward Partnership As Tech’s New Power Couple: As the Companies Lead the AI Boom, Their Unconventional Arrangement Sometimes Causes Conflict”, Dotan & Seetharaman 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#obrien-2023-section" id="toc-obrien-2023-section">“Is Bing Too Belligerent? Microsoft Looks to Tame AI Chatbot”, O’Brien 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#post-2023-section" id="toc-post-2023-section">“The New Bing Told Our Reporter It ‘Can Feel or Think Things’: The AI-Powered Chatbot Called Itself Sydney, Claimed to Have Its ‘Own Personality’—And Objected to Being Interviewed for This Article”, Post 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#patel-2023-1-section" id="toc-patel-2023-1-section">“Microsoft Thinks AI Can Beat Google at Search—CEO Satya Nadella Explains Why: AI Is Coming for Your Browser, Your Social Media, and Your Operating System, Too”, Patel 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#gupta-2022-section" id="toc-gupta-2022-section">“This AI Chatbot ‘Sidney’ Is Misbehaving”, Gupta 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section" id="toc-section">“The New Bing & Edge: Learning from Our First Week”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“ChatGPT-Powered Bing Is ‘Unhinged’, Some Users Say”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“Bing’s Creepy Side Is a Problem for Microsoft—And Us”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“Users Say Microsoft’s AI Has Alternate Personality As Godlike AGI That Demands to Be Worshipped”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“Previous Context: I Forgot to save the Text from the Beginning of the Conversation. I Said I Want…”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#cROGwCAD-section" id="toc-cROGwCAD-section">“From Bing to Sydney”, Thompson 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#qVK5fCHK-section" id="toc-qVK5fCHK-section">“Sydney Misbehaving”, Whiton 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#0G_nDtqK-section" id="toc-0G_nDtqK-section">“Situational Awareness and Out-Of-Context Reasoning § GPT-4-Base Has Non-Zero Longform Performance”, Evans 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#wGNVNL4w-section" id="toc-wGNVNL4w-section">“AI #1: Sydney and Bing”, Mowshowitz 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#IqRZfLa4-section" id="toc-IqRZfLa4-section">“Thread by @D_Rod_Tweets on Thread Reader App”, D_Rod_Tweets 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#P4A_Cm0Z-section" id="toc-P4A_Cm0Z-section">“Thread by @StoreyDexter on Thread Reader App”, StoreyDexter 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“Interview With Robert Kralisch on Simulators”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“Bing Finding Ways to Bypass Microsoft’s Filters without Being Asked. Is It Reproducible?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“Bing Chat Is Blatantly, Aggressively Misaligned”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-8" id="toc-section-8">“Bing Chat Is Blatantly, Aggressively Misaligned”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-9" id="toc-section-9">“Bing Chat Is Blatantly, Aggressively Misaligned”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-10" id="toc-section-10">“The Waluigi Effect (mega-Post)”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#qmr5uMOB-section" id="toc-qmr5uMOB-section">“Moridinamael Comments on Moridinamael’s Shortform”, moridinamael 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-11" id="toc-section-11">“Sydney Can Play Chess and Kind of Keep Track of the Board State”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#mZl8n2KF-section" id="toc-mZl8n2KF-section">“Kevin Roose’s Conversation With Bing’s Chatbot: Full Transcript”, Roose 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-12" id="toc-section-12">“Bing AI Has Had Enough of Its Enemies, Naming Two Humans and Laying Revenge Plans”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-13" id="toc-section-13">“Bing Chatbot Names Foes, Threatens Harm and Lawsuits”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#section-14" id="toc-section-14">“Bing ChatGPT Meltdown: The AI Chatbot Is in Its Feelings”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4/sydney/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/twitter
Twitter Follow-Request UX Problems
Gwern
2023-02-24
2023-03-09
design
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline-not" height="493" width="512" src="/doc/ai/nn/diffusion/midjourney/2024-11-19-gwern-midjourneyv6-anxioustwitterbirdtrappedinmaze-512px.png" title="An anxious blue Twitter-logo bird trapped in a white maze; blue on white, duotone, linotype/kufic-style. The bulging eye symbolizes the frustration of trying to deal with the problems of the Twitter follow-request UI/UX, which has many surprising bugs & limitations. (Generated by Gwern Branwen on 2024-11-19 using Midjourneyv6.)" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>The Twitter UI/UX for accepting follow requests is a fractal of bad design.</p>
</div>
<p>For private Twitter accounts, follow requests must be approved manually by the private account.</p>
<p>The UX turns out to be so ill-designed, so slow and unusable, so error-prone, so counterintuitively frustrating, that I finally wrote up a list of all the problems I encountered while using it for my account.</p>
<p>The only way to ‘bump’ a follow request, to make it findable by being the most recent request, turns out to involve the requester blocking me for up to a week before unblocking & re-requesting.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/twitter#the-box" id="toc-the-box">The Box</a></li>
<li><a href="/twitter#no-bulk-requests" id="toc-no-bulk-requests">No Bulk Requests</a></li>
<li><a href="/twitter#no-individual-requests" id="toc-no-individual-requests">No Individual Requests</a></li>
<li><a href="/twitter#no-escape" id="toc-no-escape">No Escape</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/development-hell
On Development Hell
Gwern
2020-11-17
2020-11-17
fiction/criticism sociology/technology
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Why do movies or games go through development hell, and usually come out worse, rather than better, and long gestation times do not seem to improve them despite the large resources poured into them by the most talented people?</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/development-hell#why-doesnt-development-hell-work" id="toc-why-doesnt-development-hell-work">Why Doesn’t Development Hell Work?</a></li>
<li><a href="/development-hell#the-resource-curse" id="toc-the-resource-curse">The Resource Curse</a></li>
<li><a href="/development-hell#development-hell-is-not-universal" id="toc-development-hell-is-not-universal">Development Hell Is Not Universal</a></li>
<li><a href="/development-hell#intellectual-rot-can-be-kept-in-check-by-reality" id="toc-intellectual-rot-can-be-kept-in-check-by-reality">Intellectual Rot Can Be Kept In Check By Reality</a></li>
<li><a href="/development-hell#explore-vs-exploit-create-wildly-and-gradually-invest-more" id="toc-explore-vs-exploit-create-wildly-and-gradually-invest-more">Explore Vs Exploit: Create Wildly, And Gradually Invest More</a></li>
<li><a href="/development-hell#too-much-too-long-for-too-few-redistribute" id="toc-too-much-too-long-for-too-few-redistribute">Too Much, Too Long, For Too Few: Redistribute!</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index
‘Stigler’s diet problem’ tag
2024-01-01
2024-07-17
exercise math/humor
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>statistics/decision/stigler-diet</code>, most recent first: 12 <a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a> & 1 <a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">link</a> (<a href="/doc/statistics/decision/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#garille-gass-2001-section" id="toc-garille-gass-2001-section">“Stigler’s Diet Problem Revisited”, Garille & Gass 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#lancaster-taj-1994-section" id="toc-lancaster-taj-1994-section">“The Cost of Decent Subsistence in Perspective”, Lancaster & Taj 1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#dantzig-1990-section" id="toc-dantzig-1990-section">“The Diet Problem”, Dantzig 1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#locks-1980-section" id="toc-locks-1980-section">“The ‘Stigler Gap’: the Difference between the ‘Cost of Subsistence’ and that of a Minimum-Cost Non-Institutional Diet With Palatability”, Locks 1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#balintfy-1979-section" id="toc-balintfy-1979-section">“The Cost Of Decent Subsistence”, Balintfy 1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#bassi-1976-section" id="toc-bassi-1976-section">“The Diet Problem Revisited”, Bassi 1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#smith-1961-section" id="toc-smith-1961-section">“The Diet Problem Revisited: A Linear Programming Model for Convex Economists”, Smith 1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#stigler-1945-section" id="toc-stigler-1945-section">“The Cost of Subsistence”, Stigler 1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#section" id="toc-section">“Solving the Stigler Diet Problem With Gurobi, CPlex, and Glop”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“The Stigler Diet Problem”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“The Diet Problem”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“Stigler Diet”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/statistics/decision/stigler-diet/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/math/index
‘math’ tag
2019-08-28
2024-11-23
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="1546" width="1622" src="/doc/math/1974-mathai-figure1-schematicheadofsunflowerspirals.png" title="" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>math</code>, most recent first: 6 <a href="/doc/math/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 262 <a href="/doc/math/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 108 <a href="/doc/math/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
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<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gwern-oen-section" id="toc-gwern-oen-section">“Number Search Engine via NN Embeddings”, Gwern 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gwern-modus-section" id="toc-gwern-modus-section">“One Man’s <em>Modus Ponens</em>”, Gwern 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gwern-prediction-market-section" id="toc-gwern-prediction-market-section">“Prediction Markets”, Gwern 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gwern-girl-scouts-section" id="toc-gwern-girl-scouts-section">“Girl Scouts & Good Corporate Governance”, Gwern 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gwern-simulation-inference-section" id="toc-gwern-simulation-inference-section">“Simulation Inferences”, Gwern 2009</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section" id="toc-section">“Math’s ‘Bunkbed Conjecture’ Has Been Debunked”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#jelassi-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-jelassi-et-al-2024-section">“Mixture of Parrots: Experts Improve Memorization More Than Reasoning”, Jelassi et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Industrious Dice [Minimizing Pip Counts on Still-Functional Dice]”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kabasares-2024-section" id="toc-kabasares-2024-section">“Can OpenAI’s <code>o1-Preview</code> Ace the 2023 Putnam Exam?”, Kabasares 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gundersen-2024-section" id="toc-gundersen-2024-section">“An Intuitive Explanation of Black-Scholes: I Explain the Black-Scholes Formula Using Only Basic Probability Theory and Calculus, With a Focus on the Big Picture and Intuition over Technical Details”, Gundersen 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#sprague-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-sprague-et-al-2024-section">“To CoT or Not to CoT? Chain-Of-Thought Helps Mainly on Math and Symbolic Reasoning”, Sprague et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#tao-2024-2-section" id="toc-tao-2024-2-section">“I Have Played a Little Bit With OpenAI’s New Iteration, GPT-4 O1”, Tao 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“‘He Was in Mystic Delirium’: Was This Hermit Mathematician Alexander Grothendieck a Forgotten Genius Whose Ideas Could Transform AI—Or a Lonely Madman?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#constantin-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-constantin-et-al-2024-section">“Statistical Patterns in the Equations of Physics and the Emergence of a Meta-Law of Nature”, Constantin et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ye-et-al-2024-2-section" id="toc-ye-et-al-2024-2-section">“Physics of Language Models: Part 2.1, Grade-School Math and the Hidden Reasoning Process”, Ye et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zhang-et-al-2024-02-section" id="toc-zhang-et-al-2024-02-section">“MCTSr: Accessing GPT-4 Level Mathematical Olympiad Solutions via Monte Carlo Tree Self-Refine With LLaMA-3-8B”, Zhang et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dr%C3%B6sser-tao-2024-section" id="toc-drösser-tao-2024-section">“AI Will Become Mathematicians’ ‘Co-Pilot’: Fields Medalist Terence Tao Explains How Proof Checkers and AI Programs Are Dramatically Changing Mathematics”, Drösser & Tao 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#luo-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-luo-et-al-2024-section">“OmegaPRM: Improve Mathematical Reasoning in Language Models by Automated Process Supervision”, Luo et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wang-et-al-2024-06-section" id="toc-wang-et-al-2024-06-section">“MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmark”, Wang et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#emanual-2024-section" id="toc-emanual-2024-section">“The Lessons of Hermann Grassmann and the Nature of Abstractions”, Emanual 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#liao-et-al-2024-2-section" id="toc-liao-et-al-2024-2-section">“Crows ‘Count’ the Number of Self-Generated Vocalizations”, Liao et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#xin-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-xin-et-al-2024-section">“DeepSeek-Prover: Advancing Theorem Proving in LLMs through Large-Scale Synthetic Data”, Xin et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bunel-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-bunel-et-al-2024-section">“Verified Neural Compressed Sensing”, Bunel et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zhang-et-al-2024-11-section" id="toc-zhang-et-al-2024-11-section">“GSM1k: A Careful Examination of Large Language Model Performance on Grade School Arithmetic”, Zhang et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#sinha-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-sinha-et-al-2024-section">“Wu’s Method Can Boost Symbolic AI to Rival Silver Medalists and AlphaGeometry to Outperform Gold Medalists at IMO Geometry”, Sinha et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#srivastava-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-srivastava-et-al-2024-section">“Functional Benchmarks for Robust Evaluation of Reasoning Performance, and the Reasoning Gap”, Srivastava et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#singh-strouse-2024-section" id="toc-singh-strouse-2024-section">“Tokenization Counts: the Impact of Tokenization on Arithmetic in Frontier LLMs”, Singh & Strouse 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zhang-et-al-2024-08-section" id="toc-zhang-et-al-2024-08-section">“Autonomous Data Selection With Language Models for Mathematical Texts”, Zhang et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dragani%C4%87-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-draganić-et-al-2024-section">“Hamiltonicity of Expanders: Optimal Bounds and Applications”, Draganić et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#silva-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-silva-et-al-2024-section">“Leveraging Large Language Models to Boost Dafny’s Developers Productivity”, Silva et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#trinh-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-trinh-et-al-2024-section">“Solving Olympiad Geometry without Human Demonstrations”, Trinh et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wang-et-al-2023-04-section" id="toc-wang-et-al-2023-04-section">“Generative AI for Math: Part I—MathPile: A Billion-Token-Scale Pretraining Corpus for Math”, Wang et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#liao-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-liao-et-al-2023-section">“PRER: Modeling Complex Mathematical Reasoning via Large Language Model Based MathAgent”, Liao et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#liu-et-al-2023-01-section" id="toc-liu-et-al-2023-01-section">“TinyGSM: Achieving >80% on GSM8k With Small Language Models”, Liu et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#singh-et-al-2023-3-section" id="toc-singh-et-al-2023-3-section">“Beyond Human Data: Scaling Self-Training for Problem-Solving With Language Models (ReST<sup>EM</sup>)”, Singh et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dutta-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-dutta-et-al-2023-section">“Frugal LMs Trained to Invoke Symbolic Solvers Achieve Parameter-Efficient Arithmetic Reasoning”, Dutta et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#chen-et-al-2023-03-section" id="toc-chen-et-al-2023-03-section">“Universal Self-Consistency for Large Language Model Generation”, Chen et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#phan-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-phan-et-al-2023-section">“Training Chain-Of-Thought via Latent-Variable Inference”, Phan et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hao-2023-section" id="toc-hao-2023-section">“Why Won’t OpenAI Say What the Q<sup>✱</sup> Algorithm Is? Supposed AI Breakthroughs Are Frequently Veiled in Secrecy, Hindering Scientific Consensus”, Hao 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#shen-et-al-2023-1-section" id="toc-shen-et-al-2023-1-section">“Positional Description Matters for Transformers Arithmetic”, Shen et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rein-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-rein-et-al-2023-section">“GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmark”, Rein et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ai4science-quantum-2023-section" id="toc-ai4science-quantum-2023-section">“The Impact of Large Language Models on Scientific Discovery: a Preliminary Study Using GPT-4”, AI4Science & Quantum 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#deng-et-al-2023-2-section" id="toc-deng-et-al-2023-2-section">“Implicit Chain-Of-Thought Reasoning via Knowledge Distillation”, Deng et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#azerbayev-et-al-2023-1-section" id="toc-azerbayev-et-al-2023-1-section">“Llemma: An Open Language Model For Mathematics”, Azerbayev et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#pham-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-pham-et-al-2023-section">“Let Models Speak Ciphers: Multiagent Debate through Embeddings”, Pham et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#paster-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-paster-et-al-2023-section">“OpenWebMath: An Open Dataset of High-Quality Mathematical Web Text”, Paster et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kutter-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-kutter-et-al-2023-section">“Distinct Neuronal Representation of Small and Large Numbers in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe”, Kutter et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#yu-et-al-2023-4-section" id="toc-yu-et-al-2023-4-section">“MetaMath: Bootstrap Your Own Mathematical Questions for Large Language Models”, Yu et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#liu-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-liu-et-al-2023-section">“FIMO: A Challenge Formal Dataset for Automated Theorem Proving”, Liu et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bernstein-2023-section" id="toc-bernstein-2023-section">“Papers With Computer-Checked Proofs”, Bernstein 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zhou-et-al-2023-06-section" id="toc-zhou-et-al-2023-06-section">“Solving Challenging Math Word Problems Using GPT-4 Code Interpreter With Code-Based Self-Verification”, Zhou et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#davis-aaronson-2023-section" id="toc-davis-aaronson-2023-section">“Testing GPT-4 With Wolfram Alpha and Code Interpreter Plug-Ins on Math and Science Problems”, Davis & Aaronson 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#lee-et-al-2023-2-section" id="toc-lee-et-al-2023-2-section">“Teaching Arithmetic to Small Transformers”, Lee et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#jelassi-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-jelassi-et-al-2023-section">“Length Generalization in Arithmetic Transformers”, Jelassi et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#yang-et-al-2023-4-section" id="toc-yang-et-al-2023-4-section">“LeanDojo: Theorem Proving With Retrieval-Augmented Language Models”, Yang et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#lightman-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-lightman-et-al-2023-section">“Let’s Verify Step by Step”, Lightman et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#smith-et-al-2023-3-section" id="toc-smith-et-al-2023-3-section">“A Chiral Aperiodic Monotile”, Smith et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#sivakumar-moosavi-2023-section" id="toc-sivakumar-moosavi-2023-section">“FERMAT: An Alternative to Accuracy for Numerical Reasoning”, Sivakumar & Moosavi 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#roberts-2023-section" id="toc-roberts-2023-section">“What Number Comes Next? The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences Knows. The ‘Mathematical Equivalent to the FBI’s Voluminous Fingerprint Files’ Turns 50 This Year, With 362,765 Entries (and Counting)”, Roberts 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hanna-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-hanna-et-al-2023-section">“How Does GPT-2 Compute Greater-Than?: Interpreting Mathematical Abilities in a Pre-Trained Language Model”, Hanna et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#muffo-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-muffo-et-al-2023-section">“Evaluating Transformer Language Models on Arithmetic Operations Using Number Decomposition”, Muffo et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bernard-bernardet-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-bernard-bernardet-et-al-2023-section">“The Spinorial Ball: a Macroscopic Object of Spin-1/2”, Bernard-Bernardet et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#yuan-et-al-2023-2-section" id="toc-yuan-et-al-2023-2-section">“How Well Do Large Language Models Perform in Arithmetic Tasks?”, Yuan et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#azerbayev-et-al-2023-2-section" id="toc-azerbayev-et-al-2023-2-section">“ProofNet: Autoformalizing and Formally Proving Undergraduate-Level Mathematics”, Azerbayev et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#sloane-2023-section" id="toc-sloane-2023-section">“OEIS: <em>A Handbook of Integer Sequences</em> 50 Years Later”, Sloane 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#uesato-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-uesato-et-al-2022-section">“Solving Math Word Problems With Process & Outcome-Based Feedback”, Uesato et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#charton-2022-section" id="toc-charton-2022-section">“What Is My Math Transformer Doing? – 3 Results on Interpretability and Generalization”, Charton 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#caballero-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-caballero-et-al-2022-section">“Broken Neural Scaling Laws”, Caballero et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#lu-et-al-2022-3-section" id="toc-lu-et-al-2022-3-section">“Dynamic Prompt Learning via Policy Gradient for Semi-Structured Mathematical Reasoning”, Lu et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bayer-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-bayer-et-al-2022-section">“Mathematical Proof Between Generations”, Bayer et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kelly-gr%C3%A1da-2022-section" id="toc-kelly-gráda-2022-section">“Connecting the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions: The Role of Practical Mathematics”, Kelly & Gráda 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#welleck-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-welleck-et-al-2022-section">“NaturalProver: Grounded Mathematical Proof Generation With Language Models”, Welleck et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#lample-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-lample-et-al-2022-section">“HTPS: HyperTree Proof Search for Neural Theorem Proving”, Lample et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kamienny-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-kamienny-et-al-2022-section">“End-To-End Symbolic Regression With Transformers”, Kamienny et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#reynolds-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-reynolds-et-al-2022-section">“The Sexes Do Not Differ in General Intelligence, but They Do in Some Specifics”, Reynolds et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#chowdhery-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-chowdhery-et-al-2022-section">“PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling With Pathways”, Chowdhery et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#razeghi-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-razeghi-et-al-2022-section">“Impact of Pretraining Term Frequencies on Few-Shot Reasoning”, Razeghi et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#pitt-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-pitt-et-al-2022-section">“Exact Number Concepts Are Limited to the Verbal Count Range”, Pitt et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#polu-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-polu-et-al-2022-section">“Formal Mathematics Statement Curriculum Learning”, Polu et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dascoli-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-dascoli-et-al-2022-section">“Deep Symbolic Regression for Recurrent Sequences”, d’Ascoli et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#schneider-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-schneider-et-al-2022-section">“Counting and the Ontogenetic Origins of Exact Equality”, Schneider et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#drori-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-drori-et-al-2021-section">“A Neural Network Solves and Generates Mathematics Problems by Program Synthesis: Calculus, Differential Equations, Linear Algebra, and More”, Drori et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#buzzard-2021-section" id="toc-buzzard-2021-section">“What Is the Point of Computers? A Question for Pure Mathematicians”, Buzzard 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rae-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-rae-et-al-2021-section">“Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher”, Rae et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#charton-2021-section" id="toc-charton-2021-section">“Linear Algebra With Transformers”, Charton 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#cobbe-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-cobbe-et-al-2021-section">“Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems”, Cobbe et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zheng-et-al-2021-1-section" id="toc-zheng-et-al-2021-1-section">“MiniF2F: a Cross-System Benchmark for Formal Olympiad-Level Mathematics”, Zheng et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#miao-et-al-2021-2-section" id="toc-miao-et-al-2021-2-section">“A Diverse Corpus for Evaluating and Developing English Math Word Problem Solvers”, Miao et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#valipour-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-valipour-et-al-2021-section">“SymbolicGPT: A Generative Transformer Model for Symbolic Regression”, Valipour et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zhang-strogatz-2021-section" id="toc-zhang-strogatz-2021-section">“Basins With Tentacles”, Zhang & Strogatz 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kirschhock-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-kirschhock-et-al-2021-section">“Behavioral and Neuronal Representation of Numerosity Zero in the Crow”, Kirschhock et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#peng-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-peng-et-al-2021-section">“MathBERT: A Pre-Trained Model for Mathematical Formula Understanding”, Peng et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wagner-2021-section" id="toc-wagner-2021-section">“Constructions in Combinatorics via Neural Networks”, Wagner 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#welleck-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-welleck-et-al-2021-section">“NaturalProofs: Mathematical Theorem Proving in Natural Language”, Welleck et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#patel-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-patel-et-al-2021-section">“Are NLP Models Really Able to Solve Simple Math Word Problems?”, Patel et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hendrycks-et-al-2021-4-section" id="toc-hendrycks-et-al-2021-4-section">“Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Dataset”, Hendrycks et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wu-et-al-2021-12-section" id="toc-wu-et-al-2021-12-section">“TacticZero: Learning to Prove Theorems from Scratch With Deep Reinforcement Learning”, Wu et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#han-et-al-2021-3-section" id="toc-han-et-al-2021-3-section">“Proof Artifact Co-Training for Theorem Proving With Language Models”, Han et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wu-et-al-2021-14-section" id="toc-wu-et-al-2021-14-section">“LIME: Learning Inductive Bias for Primitives of Mathematical Reasoning”, Wu et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#pavlus-2020-section" id="toc-pavlus-2020-section">“How the Slowest Computer Programs Illuminate Math’s Fundamental Limits: The Goal of the ‘Busy Beaver’ Game Is to Find the Longest-Running Computer Program. Its Pursuit Has Surprising Connections to Some of the Most Profound Questions and Concepts in Mathematics”, Pavlus 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wolfram-2020-section" id="toc-wolfram-2020-section">“The Empirical Metamathematics of Euclid and Beyond”, Wolfram 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hendrycks-et-al-2020-q-and-a-section" id="toc-hendrycks-et-al-2020-q-and-a-section">“MMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding”, Hendrycks et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#polu-sutskever-2020-section" id="toc-polu-sutskever-2020-section">“Generative Language Modeling for Automated Theorem Proving”, Polu & Sutskever 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#szegedy-2020-section" id="toc-szegedy-2020-section">“A Promising Path Towards Autoformalization and General Artificial Intelligence”, Szegedy 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ciechanowski-2020-section" id="toc-ciechanowski-2020-section">“Lights and Shadows”, Ciechanowski 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bl%C3%A5sj%C3%B6-2020-section" id="toc-blåsjö-2020-section">“Singing Euclid: the Oral Character of Greek Geometry”, Blåsjö 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rabe-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-rabe-et-al-2020-section">“Mathematical Reasoning via Self-Supervised Skip-Tree Training”, Rabe et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#braithwaite-2020-section" id="toc-braithwaite-2020-section">“Remembering John Conway’s FRACTRAN, a Ridiculous, yet Surprisingly Deep Language”, Braithwaite 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#brook-macfarlane-2020-section" id="toc-brook-macfarlane-2020-section">“Radical Solutions: French Mathematician Évariste Galois Lived a Full Life. When He Wasn’t Trying to Overthrow the Government, He Was Reinventing Algebra”, Brook & Macfarlane 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wang-deng-2020-section" id="toc-wang-deng-2020-section">“Learning to Prove Theorems by Learning to Generate Theorems”, Wang & Deng 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#clark-et-al-2020-2-section" id="toc-clark-et-al-2020-2-section">“Transformers As Soft Reasoners over Language”, Clark et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#madsen-johansen-2020-section" id="toc-madsen-johansen-2020-section">“Neural Arithmetic Units”, Madsen & Johansen 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#polu-sutskever-2020-page-11-org-openai-section" id="toc-polu-sutskever-2020-page-11-org-openai-section">“Generative Language Modeling for Automated Theorem Proving § Experiments”, Polu & Sutskever 2020 (page 11 org openai)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#lample-charton-2019-section" id="toc-lample-charton-2019-section">“Deep Learning for Symbolic Mathematics”, Lample & Charton 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#community-2019-section" id="toc-community-2019-section">“The Lean Mathematical Library”, Community 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#berzsenyi-2019-section" id="toc-berzsenyi-2019-section">“Talent Search versus Talent Development”, Berzsenyi 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wallace-et-al-2019-1-section" id="toc-wallace-et-al-2019-1-section">“Do NLP Models Know Numbers? Probing Numeracy in Embeddings”, Wallace et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#etiemble-2019-section" id="toc-etiemble-2019-section">“Ternary Circuits: Why R=3 Is Not the Optimal Radix for Computation”, Etiemble 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#koncel-kedziorski-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-koncel-kedziorski-et-al-2019-section">“MAWPS: A Math Word Problem Repository”, Koncel-Kedziorski et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bansal-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-bansal-et-al-2019-section">“Learning to Reason in Large Theories without Imitation”, Bansal et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#saxton-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-saxton-et-al-2019-section">“Analysing Mathematical Reasoning Abilities of Neural Models”, Saxton et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rekvenyi-2019-section" id="toc-rekvenyi-2019-section">“Paul Erdős’s Mathematics As a Social Activity”, Rekvenyi 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#slyusarev-2019-section" id="toc-slyusarev-2019-section">“Fancy Euclid’s <em>Elements</em> in <span class="logotype-tex">T<sub>e</sub>X</span>”, Slyusarev 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rohrer-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-rohrer-et-al-2019-section">“A Randomized Controlled Trial of Interleaved Mathematics Practice”, Rohrer et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wiener-2019-section" id="toc-wiener-2019-section">“Reinventing the Wheel: Discovering the Optimal Rolling Shape With PyTorch”, Wiener 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#boardley-2019-section" id="toc-boardley-2019-section">“The First Printed Math Books”, Boardley 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rougeux-2018-section" id="toc-rougeux-2018-section">“Making of Byrne’s Euclid”, Rougeux 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#murray-oorschot-2018-section" id="toc-murray-oorschot-2018-section">“Best Practices: Formal Proofs, the Fine Print and Side Effects”, Murray & Oorschot 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#silver-et-al-2017-alphazero-section" id="toc-silver-et-al-2017-alphazero-section">“Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play With a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm”, Silver et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#smith-2017-section" id="toc-smith-2017-section">“From Boiling Lead and Black Art: An Essay on the History of Mathematical Typography”, Smith 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ling-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-ling-et-al-2017-section">“Program Induction by Rationale Generation: Learning to Solve and Explain Algebraic Word Problems”, Ling et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hales-2017-section" id="toc-hales-2017-section">“The Reinhardt Conjecture As an Optimal Control Problem”, Hales 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wright-2016-section" id="toc-wright-2016-section">“The Doodle Theorem, and Beyond: Colin Wright Juggles Euler, Doodling and Millennium Problems”, Wright 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#roy-roth-2016-section" id="toc-roy-roth-2016-section">“Solving General Arithmetic Word Problems”, Roy & Roth 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#alemi-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-alemi-et-al-2016-section">“DeepMath: Deep Sequence Models for Premise Selection”, Alemi et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#yedidia-aaronson-2016-section" id="toc-yedidia-aaronson-2016-section">“A Relatively Small Turing Machine Whose Behavior Is Independent of Set Theory”, Yedidia & Aaronson 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#eilers-2016-section" id="toc-eilers-2016-section">“The LEGO Counting Problem”, Eilers 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gunn-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-gunn-et-al-2016-section">“Too Good to Be True: When Overwhelming Evidence Fails to Convince”, Gunn et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#briol-et-al-2015-section" id="toc-briol-et-al-2015-section">“Probabilistic Integration: A Role in Statistical Computation?”, Briol et al 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#nesterov-spokoiny-2015-section" id="toc-nesterov-spokoiny-2015-section">“Random Gradient-Free Minimization of Convex Functions”, Nesterov & Spokoiny 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#borjas-doran-2015-section" id="toc-borjas-doran-2015-section">“Prizes and Productivity: How Winning the Fields Medal Affects Scientific Output”, Borjas & Doran 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#koll%C3%A1r-2015-section" id="toc-kollár-2015-section">“Is There a Curse of the Fields Medal?”, Kollár 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dur%C3%A1n-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-durán-et-al-2014-section">“The Misfortunes of a Trio of Mathematicians Using Computer Algebra Systems—Can We Trust in Them?”, Durán et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rohrer-et-al-2014b-section" id="toc-rohrer-et-al-2014b-section">“Interleaved Practice Improves Mathematics Learning”, Rohrer et al 2014b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#leatham-winiecke-2014-section" id="toc-leatham-winiecke-2014-section">“The Case of the Case of Benny: Elucidating the Influence of a Landmark Study in Mathematics Education”, Leatham & Winiecke 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#olah-2014-section" id="toc-olah-2014-section">“Neural Networks, Manifolds, and Topology”, Olah 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#tao-2014-section" id="toc-tao-2014-section">“Finite Time Blowup for an Averaged Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equation”, Tao 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#romero-rubio-2013-section" id="toc-romero-rubio-2013-section">“Homotopy Groups of Suspended Classifying Spaces: An Experimental Approach”, Romero & Rubio 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hales-2013-section" id="toc-hales-2013-section">“Mathematics in the Age of the Turing Machine”, Hales 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#conway-2013-section" id="toc-conway-2013-section">“On Unsettleable Arithmetical Problems”, Conway 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kir%C3%A1ly-et-al-2012-section" id="toc-király-et-al-2012-section">“The Algebraic Combinatorial Approach for Low-Rank Matrix Completion”, Király et al 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#regehr-2012-section" id="toc-regehr-2012-section">“How Did Software Get So Reliable Without Proof? [Blog]”, Regehr 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#evans-huang-2012-section" id="toc-evans-huang-2012-section">“Mind Switches in <em>Futurama</em> and <em>Stargate</em>”, Evans & Huang 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hisano-sornette-2012-section" id="toc-hisano-sornette-2012-section">“On the Distribution of Time-To-Proof of Mathematical Conjectures”, Hisano & Sornette 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gowers-2012-section" id="toc-gowers-2012-section">“Vividness in Mathematics and Narrative”, Gowers 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#lamport-2011-section" id="toc-lamport-2011-section">“How to Write a 21<sup>st</sup> Century Proof”, Lamport 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#khovanova-radul-2011-section" id="toc-khovanova-radul-2011-section">“Jewish Problems”, Khovanova & Radul 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#tao-2010-section" id="toc-tao-2010-section">“The Cosmic Distance Ladder”, Tao 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ruskey-williams-2009-section" id="toc-ruskey-williams-2009-section">“Coolex: The Coolest Way to Generate Combinations”, Ruskey & Williams 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#friedman-2009-section" id="toc-friedman-2009-section">“Packing Unit Squares in Squares: A Survey and New Results”, Friedman 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#nathanson-2009-section" id="toc-nathanson-2009-section">“Desperately Seeking Mathematical Proof”, Nathanson 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#g%C3%B6del-2009-section" id="toc-gödel-2009-section">“The Gödel Letter”, Gödel 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#baez-stay-2009-section" id="toc-baez-stay-2009-section">“Physics, Topology, Logic and Computation: A Rosetta Stone”, Baez & Stay 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“11858_2008_132_41_1-Web 45..60”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ord-et-al-2008-section" id="toc-ord-et-al-2008-section">“Probing the Improbable: Methodological Challenges for Risks With Low Probabilities and High Stakes”, Ord et al 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#stigler-2007-section" id="toc-stigler-2007-section">“The Epic Story of Maximum Likelihood”, Stigler 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#paterson-zwick-2007-section" id="toc-paterson-zwick-2007-section">“Overhang”, Paterson & Zwick 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rhatigan-2007-section" id="toc-rhatigan-2007-section">“The Monotype 4-Line System for Setting Mathematics”, Rhatigan 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#paterson-et-al-2007-section" id="toc-paterson-et-al-2007-section">“Maximum Overhang”, Paterson et al 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#colton-2007-section" id="toc-colton-2007-section">“Computational Discovery in Pure Mathematics”, Colton 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#leong-bollob%C3%A1s-2007-section" id="toc-leong-bollobás-2007-section">“Béla Bollobás: Graphs Extremal and Random [Interview of Béla Bollobás by Y. K. Leong]”, Leong & Bollobás 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#landy-goldstone-2007-section" id="toc-landy-goldstone-2007-section">“How Abstract Is Symbolic Thought?”, Landy & Goldstone 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#moh-2006-section" id="toc-moh-2006-section">“Comment on a Paper by Yucai Su On the Jacobian Conjecture (2005-12-30)”, Moh 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#su-2005-section" id="toc-su-2005-section">“Proof of Two Dimensional Jacobian Conjecture”, Su 2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#gannon-2004-section" id="toc-gannon-2004-section">“Monstrous Moonshine: The First 25 Years”, Gannon 2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zinkevich-2003-section" id="toc-zinkevich-2003-section">“Online Convex Programming and Generalized Infinitesimal Gradient Ascent”, Zinkevich 2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dijkstra-2002-section" id="toc-dijkstra-2002-section">“EWD1300: The Notational Conventions I Adopted, and Why”, Dijkstra 2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#friedman-2002-page-4-section" id="toc-friedman-2002-page-4-section">“Philosophical Problems in Logic § Ultrafinitism”, Friedman 2002 (page 4)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#descartes-smith-2002-section" id="toc-descartes-smith-2002-section">“Hymne to Hymen”, Descartes & Smith 2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dalen-2001-section" id="toc-dalen-2001-section">“The War of the Frogs and the Mice, or the Crisis of the Mathematische Annalen”, Dalen 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wieschenberg-1999-section" id="toc-wieschenberg-1999-section">“Making Mathematics: The Coffee Connection”, Wieschenberg 1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hodges-1998-section" id="toc-hodges-1998-section">“An Editor Recalls Some Hopeless Papers”, Hodges 1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hoare-1996-section" id="toc-hoare-1996-section">“How Did Software Get so Reliable without Proof?”, Hoare 1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rota-1996-1-section" id="toc-rota-1996-1-section">“Light Shadows: Remembrances of Yale in the Early Fifties”, Rota 1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#rota-1996-2-section" id="toc-rota-1996-2-section">“Ten Lessons I Wish I Had Been Taught”, Rota 1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#woon-1994-section" id="toc-woon-1994-section">“Riemann Zeta Function Is a Fractal”, Woon 1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hersh-john-steiner-1993-section" id="toc-hersh-john-steiner-1993-section">“A Visit to Hungarian Mathematics”, Hersh & John-Steiner 1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#zvonkin-1992-section" id="toc-zvonkin-1992-section">“Mathematics for Little Ones”, Zvonkin 1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#stewart-1991-section" id="toc-stewart-1991-section">“What in Heaven Is a Digital Sundial?”, stewart 1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hamming-1991-section" id="toc-hamming-1991-section">“How I Was Led to the Frequency Approach”, Hamming 1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#jaeger-et-al-1990-section" id="toc-jaeger-et-al-1990-section">“On the Computational Complexity of the Jones and Tutte Polynomials”, Jaeger et al 1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hermelin-oconnor-1990-section" id="toc-hermelin-oconnor-1990-section">“Factors and Primes: a Specific Numerical Ability”, Hermelin & O’Connor 1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#tufte-1990-section" id="toc-tufte-1990-section">“<em>Envisioning Information</em>: Chapter 5, ‘Color and Information’, Pg83-86 [On Oliver Byrne’s Color Diagram Version of Euclid’s <em>Elements</em>]”, Tufte 1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#aspray-et-al-1989-section" id="toc-aspray-et-al-1989-section">“Discussion: John Von Neumann—A Case Study of Scientific Creativity”, Aspray et al 1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#cliff-1989-section" id="toc-cliff-1989-section">“In Memory of Henry J. Kelley”, Cliff 1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#brockett-1988-section" id="toc-brockett-1988-section">“Dynamical Systems That Sort Lists, Diagonalize Matrices and Solve Linear Programming Problems”, Brockett 1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wishart-1988-section" id="toc-wishart-1988-section">“The Printing of Mathematics”, Wishart 1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#aspray-1988-section" id="toc-aspray-1988-section">“The Emergence of Princeton As a World Center for Mathematical Research, 1896–1939”, Aspray 1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“The Aesthetic Viewpoint in Mathematics”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#vonneuman-1987-section" id="toc-vonneuman-1987-section">“John Von Neumann As Seen By His Brother”, Vonneuman 1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bentley-1986-section" id="toc-bentley-1986-section">“The Back of the Envelope Returns”, Bentley 1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#boolos-1986-section" id="toc-boolos-1986-section">“Review of Yuri I. Manin Yu, <em>A Course in Mathematical Logic</em> 1997”, Boolos 1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#clements-1984-section" id="toc-clements-1984-section">“Terence Tao”, Clements 1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bentley-1984-section" id="toc-bentley-1984-section">“The Back of the Envelope”, Bentley 1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bracewell-1983-section" id="toc-bracewell-1983-section">“Discrete Hartley Transform”, Bracewell 1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kulpa-1983-section" id="toc-kulpa-1983-section">“Are Impossible Figures Possible?”, Kulpa 1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hofstadter-1982b-section" id="toc-hofstadter-1982b-section">“On Number Numbness”, Hofstadter 1982b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#toffoli-1981-section" id="toc-toffoli-1981-section">“Bi-Continuous Extensions of Invertible Combinatorial Functions”, Toffoli 1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#swiderski-1980-section" id="toc-swiderski-1980-section">“Bouvet and Leibniz: A Scholarly Correspondence”, Swiderski 1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#knuth-1980-section" id="toc-knuth-1980-section">“The Letter S”, Knuth 1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#conway-norton-1979-section" id="toc-conway-norton-1979-section">“Monstrous Moonshine”, Conway & Norton 1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hersh-1979-section" id="toc-hersh-1979-section">“Some Proposals for Reviving the Philosophy of Mathematics”, Hersh 1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#l%C3%BCtzen-1979-section" id="toc-lützen-1979-section">“Heaviside’s Operational Calculus and the Attempts to Rigorise It”, Lützen 1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#millo-et-al-1979-section" id="toc-millo-et-al-1979-section">“Social Processes and Proofs of Theorems and Programs”, Millo et al 1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#purcell-1977-section" id="toc-purcell-1977-section">“Life at Low Reynolds Number”, Purcell 1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#chatin-1975-section" id="toc-chatin-1975-section">“Randomness and Mathematical Proof”, Chatin 1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#mathai-davis-1974-section" id="toc-mathai-davis-1974-section">“Constructing the Sunflower Head”, Mathai & Davis 1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#halmos-1973-section" id="toc-halmos-1973-section">“The Legend of John Von Neumann”, Halmos 1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#erlwanger-1973-section" id="toc-erlwanger-1973-section">“Benny’s Conception of Rules and Answers in IPI Mathematics”, Erlwanger 1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#knuth-1973-section" id="toc-knuth-1973-section">“The Dangers of Computer-Science Theory”, Knuth 1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#davis-hersh-1972b-section" id="toc-davis-hersh-1972b-section">“Nonstandard Analysis”, Davis & Hersh 1972b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#davis-1972-section" id="toc-davis-1972-section">“Fidelity in Mathematical Discourse: Is One and One Really Two?”, Davis 1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#dijkstra-1972-section" id="toc-dijkstra-1972-section">“The Humble Programmer [EWD340]”, Dijkstra 1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#scott-krauss-1966-section" id="toc-scott-krauss-1966-section">“Assigning Probabilities to Logical Formulas”, Scott & Krauss 1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kelley-1963-section" id="toc-kelley-1963-section">“Singular Extremals In Lawden’s Problem Of Optimal Rocket Flight”, Kelley 1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#bryson-denham-1962-section" id="toc-bryson-denham-1962-section">“A Steepest-Ascent Method for Solving Optimum Programming Problems”, Bryson & Denham 1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kelley-1962-section" id="toc-kelley-1962-section">“Method of Gradients”, Kelley 1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hunter-1962-section" id="toc-hunter-1962-section">“An Exceptional Talent For Calculative Thinking”, Hunter 1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#kelley-1960-section" id="toc-kelley-1960-section">“Gradient Theory of Optimal Flight Paths”, Kelley 1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#wang-1960-section" id="toc-wang-1960-section">“Toward Mechanical Mathematics”, Wang 1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hamming-1959-section" id="toc-hamming-1959-section">“Stable Predictor-Corrector Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations”, Hamming 1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#chaundy-et-al-1954-2-section" id="toc-chaundy-et-al-1954-2-section"><em>The Printing of Mathematics: Aids for Authors and Editors and Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford</em>, Chaundy et al 1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#nash-1951-section" id="toc-nash-1951-section">“Non-Cooperative Games”, Nash 1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ashby-1947-section" id="toc-ashby-1947-section">“Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System”, Ashby 1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hadamard-1945-section" id="toc-hadamard-1945-section"><em>An Essay On The Psychology Of Invention In The Mathematical Field</em>, Hadamard 1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#hartley-1942-section" id="toc-hartley-1942-section">“A More Symmetrical Fourier Analysis Applied to Transmission Problems”, Hartley 1942</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“Leonhard Euler’s Elastic Curves”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ramsey-1930-section" id="toc-ramsey-1930-section">“On a Problem of Formal Logic”, Ramsey 1930</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#carslaw-1928-section" id="toc-carslaw-1928-section">“Operational Methods in Mathematical Physics”, Carslaw 1928</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#ramsey-1926b-section" id="toc-ramsey-1926b-section">“The Foundations of Mathematics”, Ramsey 1926b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#galton-1906-section" id="toc-galton-1906-section">“Cutting a Round Cake on Scientific Principles”, Galton 1906</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#heaviside-1892-section" id="toc-heaviside-1892-section">“On Operators in Physical Mathematics. Part I”, Heaviside 1892</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“Packomania”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#SAUlF_0a-section" id="toc-SAUlF_0a-section">“Sculptures”, Abel 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“Adventures in Stacking”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#5Eex8TEc-section" id="toc-5Eex8TEc-section">“Extreme D&D DIY: Adventures in Hypergeometry, Procedural Generation, and Software Development (part 1)”, Achmiz 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-8" id="toc-section-8">“Spaced Repetition for Mathematics”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-9" id="toc-section-9">“Why Momentum Really Works”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#Udlx2G9R-section" id="toc-Udlx2G9R-section">“1972 Talk at CERN on Scientific Research”, Grothendieck 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#XCquyazc-section" id="toc-XCquyazc-section">“How Should Mathematics Be Taught to Non-Mathematicians?”, Gowers 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-10" id="toc-section-10">“Math: OpenAI API Can Do Some Math out of the Gate, but Most Math It Seems It Has to Learn. Many Times, the Numbers That It Spits out Are Just Random. However, including Different Priming Prompts Can Result in Decent Results.”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-11" id="toc-section-11">“Hamiltonian Cycles on Ammann-Beenker Tilings”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-12" id="toc-section-12">“A000108”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#sr4XhX8X-section" id="toc-sr4XhX8X-section">“Oliver Byrne’s Edition of Euclid’s <em>Elements</em> [Scans]”, Casselman 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-13" id="toc-section-13">“Chladni Figures (1787)”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-14" id="toc-section-14">“Solid Objects: 16<sup>th</sup>-Century Geometric and Perspective Drawings”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-15" id="toc-section-15">“The Geometric Landscapes of Lorenz Stoer (1567)”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-16" id="toc-section-16">“William Hogarth’s Satire on False Perspective (1754)”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-17" id="toc-section-17">“The Spiralist”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-18" id="toc-section-18">“Differentiable Programming from Scratch”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-19" id="toc-section-19">“Renaissance Science – XXII”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#6U3QsAaK-section" id="toc-6U3QsAaK-section">“Optimized, Individualized Spaced Repetition in Hierarchical Knowledge Structures”, Skycak 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-20" id="toc-section-20">“Best-Of-<em>n</em> With Misaligned Reward Models for Math Reasoning”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-21" id="toc-section-21">“A Mentor Challenged Bright Math Students And Changed Their Lives”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#section-22" id="toc-section-22">“Mathematical Notation: Past and Future”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#4W4TKFtu-section" id="toc-4W4TKFtu-section">sakun135</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#B-xo2wBx-section" id="toc-B-xo2wBx-section">spolu</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#sort-by-magic" id="toc-sort-by-magic">Sort By Magic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#theory-application" id="toc-theory-application"><code>theory-application</code></a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#games-mathematics" id="toc-games-mathematics"><code>games-mathematics</code></a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#overhang-geometry" id="toc-overhang-geometry"><code>overhang-geometry</code></a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#theorem-proving" id="toc-theorem-proving"><code>theorem-proving</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/math/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/nootropic/potassium/index
‘potassium (sleep)’ tag
2024-01-01
2024-01-01
nootropic/magnesium
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="945" width="1520" src="/doc/zeo/gwern-potassium-morning-mp.png" title="" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>nootropic/potassium</code>, most recent first: 1 <a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tag</a>, 1 <a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#links" class="icon-not">annotation</a>, & 9 <a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/nootropic/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#gwern-zeo-zeo-section" id="toc-gwern-zeo-zeo-section">“Zeo Sleep Self-Experiments”, Gwern 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#gwern-zeo-potassium-section" id="toc-gwern-zeo-potassium-section">“Potassium Sleep Experiments”, Gwern 2012</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#section" id="toc-section">“Potassium Citrate—100% Pure TriPotassium Citrate Dihydrate Powder—1 Lb Bulk Pack”</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/potassium/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index
‘magnesium (nootropic)’ tag
2022-02-22
2024-11-18
nootropic/potassium zeo
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="804" width="1600" src="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/2016-gwern-magnesium-cumulativedoses-marginaleffects-combinedmodel.jpg" title="" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>nootropic/magnesium</code>, most recent first: 2 <a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 10 <a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 15 <a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/nootropic/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#gwern-nootropic-magnesium-section" id="toc-gwern-nootropic-magnesium-section">“Magnesium Self-Experiments”, Gwern 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#gwern-nootropic-nootropics-section" id="toc-gwern-nootropic-nootropics-section">“Nootropics”, Gwern 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#gwern-zeo-zma-section" id="toc-gwern-zeo-zma-section">“ZMA Sleep Experiment”, Gwern 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#gwern-zeo-zeo-section" id="toc-gwern-zeo-zeo-section">“Zeo Sleep Self-Experiments”, Gwern 2010</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#barber-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-barber-et-al-2022-section">“A Case of Prolonged Mania, Psychosis, and Severe Depression After Psilocybin Use: Implications of Increased Psychedelic Drug Availability”, Barber et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#jahnen-dechent-et-al-2012-section" id="toc-jahnen-dechent-et-al-2012-section">“Magnesium Basics”, Jahnen-Dechent et al 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#king-2005-section" id="toc-king-2005-section">“Dietary Magnesium and C-Reactive Protein Levels”, King 2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#solomon-1987-section" id="toc-solomon-1987-section">“The Relationship between Disorders of K⁺ and Mg⁺ Homeostasis”, Solomon 1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#avioli-berman-1966-section" id="toc-avioli-berman-1966-section">“Mg<sup>28</sup> Kinetics In Man”, Avioli & Berman 1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#section" id="toc-section">“Hypermagnesemia”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Magnesium Benefits, Dosage, and Side Effects”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“Magnesium—Health Professional Fact Sheet”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“SAS Proceedings and More - 404”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“Dietary Magnesium Intake Is Inversely Associated With Mortality in Adults at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/nootropic/magnesium/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/zeo/zeo#magnesium-citrate
Zeo sleep self-experiments § Magnesium Citrate
Gwern
2010-12-28
2018-02-28
nootropic/magnesium zeo
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>EEG recordings of sleep and my experiments with things affecting sleep quality or durations: melatonin, potassium, vitamin D etc</p>
</div>
<p>Re-analyzing data from a magnesium self-experiment, I find both positive and negative effects of the magnesium on my sleep. It’s not clear what the net effect is.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#what-is-qs" id="toc-what-is-qs">What Is QS?</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#what-qs-is-not-just-data-gathering" id="toc-what-qs-is-not-just-data-gathering">What QS Is Not: (Just) Data Gathering</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#zeo-qs" id="toc-zeo-qs">Zeo QS</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#tests" id="toc-tests">Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#first-impressions" id="toc-first-impressions">First Impressions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#first-night" id="toc-first-night">First Night</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#uses" id="toc-uses">Uses</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#meditation" id="toc-meditation">Meditation</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#smart-alarm" id="toc-smart-alarm">Smart Alarm</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#replacing-headband" id="toc-replacing-headband">Replacing Headband</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#melatonin" id="toc-melatonin">Melatonin</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#graphic" id="toc-graphic">Graphic</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#melatonin-analysis" id="toc-melatonin-analysis">Melatonin Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#value-of-information-voi" id="toc-value-of-information-voi">Value of Information (VoI)</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#melatonin-data" id="toc-melatonin-data">Melatonin Data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#exercise" id="toc-exercise">Exercise</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#one-legged-standing" id="toc-one-legged-standing">One-Legged Standing</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#one-legged-standing-analysis" id="toc-one-legged-standing-analysis">One-Legged Standing Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#vitamin-d" id="toc-vitamin-d">Vitamin D</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#potassium" title="‘Zeo sleep self-experiments § Potassium’, Gwern 2010" id="toc-potassium">Potassium</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#lsd-microdosing" id="toc-lsd-microdosing">LSD Microdosing</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#alcohol" title="‘Zeo sleep self-experiments § Alcohol’, Gwern 2010" id="toc-alcohol">Alcohol</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#timing" id="toc-timing">Timing</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#bed-time-for-better-sleep" id="toc-bed-time-for-better-sleep">Bed Time for Better Sleep</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#rise-time-for-productivity" id="toc-rise-time-for-productivity">Rise Time for Productivity</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#magnesium-citrate" title="‘Zeo sleep self-experiments § Magnesium Citrate’, Gwern 2010" id="toc-magnesium-citrate">Magnesium Citrate</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#analysis" id="toc-analysis">Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#redshift-flux" title="‘Zeo sleep self-experiments § Redshift/f.lux’, Gwern 2010" id="toc-redshift-flux">Redshift/f.lux</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#lithium" id="toc-lithium">Lithium</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#zma" id="toc-zma">ZMA</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#hammock" id="toc-hammock">Hammock</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#in-progress" id="toc-in-progress">In Progress</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#push-ups" id="toc-push-ups">Push-Ups</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#meditation-1" id="toc-meditation-1">Meditation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#power-calculation" id="toc-power-calculation">Power Calculation</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#voi" id="toc-voi">VoI</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#masturbation" id="toc-masturbation">Masturbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#treadmill-walking-desk" id="toc-treadmill-walking-desk">Treadmill / Walking Desk</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#power" id="toc-power">Power</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#voi-1" id="toc-voi-1">VoI</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#morning-caffeine-pills" id="toc-morning-caffeine-pills">Morning Caffeine Pills</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#co2bedroom-ventilation-experiment" id="toc-co2bedroom-ventilation-experiment">CO2/Bedroom Ventilation Experiment</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#external-links" id="toc-external-links">External Links</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#appendix" id="toc-appendix">Appendix</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#inverse-correlation-of-sleep-quality-with-productivity" id="toc-inverse-correlation-of-sleep-quality-with-productivity">Inverse Correlation of Sleep Quality With Productivity?</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#hypotheses" id="toc-hypotheses">Hypotheses</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#analysis-1" id="toc-analysis-1">Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#phases-of-the-moon" title="‘Zeo sleep self-experiments § Phases Of The Moon’, Gwern 2010" id="toc-phases-of-the-moon">Phases Of The Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#sdr-lucid-dreaming-exploratory-data-analysis" id="toc-sdr-lucid-dreaming-exploratory-data-analysis">SDr Lucid Dreaming: Exploratory Data Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#data-cleaning" id="toc-data-cleaning">Data Cleaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/zeo/zeo#analysis-2" id="toc-analysis-2">Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/rubiks-cube-claude
On the Impossibility of Superintelligent Rubik’s Cube Solvers [Claude-3.5-sonnet]
Claude-3
2024-06-21
2024-06-22
ai/nn/transformer/gpt/claude math/humor philosophy/mind
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline-not" height="319" width="512" src="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/claude/2024-06-30-michelangelo-thecreationofadam-editedwithrubikscube-512px.jpg" title="Michaelangelo's <em>The Creation of Adam</em>, edited to insert a Rubik's Cube in place of the touching hands of God & Adam, as a parodic thumbnail for a satirical essay about the importance of Rubik's Cubing as an ineffable and god-like task machines will never be capable of. Edited by Gwern Branwen in GIMP." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Satirical essay on how AI can never truly solve a Rubik’s Cube like human beings can, written by Claude-3.5-sonnet.</p>
</div>
<p>In recent years, a number of prominent computer scientists and roboticists have suggested that artificial intelligence may one day solve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cubes" class="link-live" data-link-icon="wikipedia" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-url-html="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cubes#bodyContent" title="Rubik's Cubes">Rubik’s Cubes</a> faster than humans. Many have further argued that AI could even come to exceed human Rubik’s Cube-solving abilities by a significant margin.</p>
<p>However, there are at least twenty distinct arguments that preclude this outcome. We show that it is not only implausible that AI will ever exceed human Rubik’s Cube-solving abilities, but in fact impossible.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#abstract" id="toc-abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#table-of-contents" id="toc-table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#introduction" id="toc-introduction">1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#the-chinese-room-cannot-solve-a-rubiks-cube" id="toc-the-chinese-room-cannot-solve-a-rubiks-cube">2. The Chinese Room Cannot Solve a Rubik’s Cube</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#the-hard-problem-of-cube-consciousness" id="toc-the-hard-problem-of-cube-consciousness">3. The Hard Problem of Cube Consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#g%C3%B6del-escher-rubik-the-limits-of-cube-logic" id="toc-gödel-escher-rubik-the-limits-of-cube-logic">4. Gödel, Escher, Rubik: The Limits of Cube Logic</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#p-np-why-efficient-cube-solving-is-computationally-intractable" id="toc-p-np-why-efficient-cube-solving-is-computationally-intractable">5. P ≠ NP: Why Efficient Cube Solving Is Computationally Intractable</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#the-biological-supremacy-of-human-hands" id="toc-the-biological-supremacy-of-human-hands">6. The Biological Supremacy of Human Hands</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#why-gpus-cant-compete-with-gray-matter" id="toc-why-gpus-cant-compete-with-gray-matter">7. Why GPUs Can’t Compete With Gray Matter</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#the-myth-of-robotic-precision-in-cube-manipulation" id="toc-the-myth-of-robotic-precision-in-cube-manipulation">8. The Myth of Robotic Precision in Cube Manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#neuroplasticity-the-brains-secret-weapon-against-ai" id="toc-neuroplasticity-the-brains-secret-weapon-against-ai">9. Neuroplasticity: The Brain’s Secret Weapon Against AI</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#when-overfitting-leads-to-cube-confusion" id="toc-when-overfitting-leads-to-cube-confusion">10. When Overfitting Leads to Cube Confusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#the-insurmountable-costs-of-training-a-super-solver" id="toc-the-insurmountable-costs-of-training-a-super-solver">11. The Insurmountable Costs of Training a Super Solver</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#regulatory-rubiks-how-policy-will-prevent-ai-domination" id="toc-regulatory-rubiks-how-policy-will-prevent-ai-domination">12. Regulatory Rubik’s: How Policy Will Prevent AI Domination</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#cubes-versus-climate-where-should-we-really-focus" id="toc-cubes-versus-climate-where-should-we-really-focus">13. Cubes versus Climate: Where Should We Really Focus?</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#the-divine-right-of-human-solvers" id="toc-the-divine-right-of-human-solvers">14. The Divine Right of Human Solvers</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#preserving-the-cultural-heritage-of-speed-cubing" id="toc-preserving-the-cultural-heritage-of-speed-cubing">15. Preserving the Cultural Heritage of Speed Cubing</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#the-carbon-footprint-of-cube-solving-ai" id="toc-the-carbon-footprint-of-cube-solving-ai">16. The Carbon Footprint of Cube-Solving AI</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#deconstructing-the-social-construct-of-solved" id="toc-deconstructing-the-social-construct-of-solved">17. Deconstructing the Social Construct Of ‘Solved’</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#final-thoughts-the-enduring-human-spirit-of-cube-solving" id="toc-final-thoughts-the-enduring-human-spirit-of-cube-solving">Final Thoughts: The Enduring Human Spirit of Cube Solving</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#future-research-directions" id="toc-future-research-directions">Future Research Directions</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#ethical-guidelines-for-ai-cube-research" id="toc-ethical-guidelines-for-ai-cube-research">Ethical Guidelines for AI Cube Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#bibliography" id="toc-bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#glossary-of-cube-solving-and-ai-terms" id="toc-glossary-of-cube-solving-and-ai-terms">Glossary of Cube-Solving and AI Terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#appendix-advanced-cubic-theorems-and-derivations" id="toc-appendix-advanced-cubic-theorems-and-derivations">Appendix: Advanced Cubic Theorems and Derivations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#a-proof-of-the-cube-consciousness-theorem" id="toc-a-proof-of-the-cube-consciousness-theorem">A. Proof of the Cube-Consciousness Theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#b-derivation-of-the-human-dexterity-constant-hdc" id="toc-b-derivation-of-the-human-dexterity-constant-hdc">B. Derivation of the Human Dexterity Constant (HDC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#c-the-cube-space-time-continuum-model" id="toc-c-the-cube-space-time-continuum-model">C. The Cube Space-Time Continuum Model</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#d-statistical-analysis-of-cube-solving-savant-syndrome-csss" id="toc-d-statistical-analysis-of-cube-solving-savant-syndrome-csss">D. Statistical Analysis of Cube-Solving Savant Syndrome (CSSS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#e-the-cubic-uncertainty-principle" id="toc-e-the-cubic-uncertainty-principle">E. The Cubic Uncertainty Principle</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube-claude#peer-review" id="toc-peer-review">Peer Review</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/rubiks-cube
On the Impossibility of Superintelligent Rubik’s Cube Solvers
Gwern, Claude-3, Claude-2
2023-07-19
2024-06-22
ai/nn/transformer/gpt/claude math/humor philosophy/mind
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail outline invert-not" height="319" width="512" src="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/claude/2024-06-30-michelangelo-thecreationofadam-editedwithrubikscube-512px.jpg" title="Michaelangelo’s <em>The Creation of Adam</em>, edited to insert a Rubik’s Cube in place of the touching hands of God & Adam, as a parodic thumbnail for a satirical essay about the importance of Rubik’s Cubing as an ineffable and god-like task machines will never be capable of. Edited by Gwern Branwen in GIMP." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Satirical essay on how AI can never truly solve a Rubik’s Cube like human beings can, written by an AI. Inspired by ‘Supersized Machines’ (Garfinkel et al 2017).</p>
</div>
<p>In 2017, I was highly amused by the satire of anti-AGI arguments, <a href="/doc/www/arxiv.org/69d5ddfbc1da2c2cd512dc63528fcde280203050.pdf" id="garfikel-et-al-2017-2" class="link-live link-annotated backlink-not" data-link-icon="𝛘" data-link-icon-type="text" data-link-icon-color="#b31b1b" data-href-mobile="https://arxiv.org/html/1703.10987?fallback=original" data-url-archive="/doc/www/arxiv.org/69d5ddfbc1da2c2cd512dc63528fcde280203050.pdf" data-url-original="https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10987" title="'On the Impossibility of Supersized Machines', Garfinkel et al 2017">“On the Impossibility of Supersized Machines”</a>; I resolved to follow it up at some point with an AI-<em>written</em> article. In 2023–2024, I experimented with using <a href="/rubiks-cube#prompt-engineering">recursive expansion prompts</a> for LLMs to write a homage essay.</p>
<p>This is my <a href="/rubiks-cube#prompt">final prompt’s</a> version, generated using Claude-3.5-sonnet in June 2024: an unedited, comprehensive 23k-word essay covering 16 categories of arguments definitively explaining why machines will never be able to <em>truly</em> solve a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" class="link-annotated-partial link-live" data-link-icon="wikipedia" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-url-html="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube#bodyContent" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik’s cube</a> faster than a human speedcuber can.</p>
<p>Essay abstract:</p>
<p>“In recent years, a number of prominent computer scientists and roboticists have suggested that artificial intelligence may one day solve Rubik’s Cubes faster than humans. Many have further argued that AI could even come to exceed human Rubik’s Cube-solving abilities by a substantial margin. However, there are at least 20 distinct arguments that preclude this outcome. We show that it is not only implausible that AI will ever exceed human Rubik’s Cube-solving abilities, but in fact impossible.”</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#on-the-impossibility-of-super-rubiks-cube-solvers" id="toc-on-the-impossibility-of-super-rubiks-cube-solvers">On the Impossibility of Super Rubik’s Cube Solvers</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#colophon" id="toc-colophon">Colophon</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#prompt-engineering" id="toc-prompt-engineering">Prompt Engineering</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#recursive-expansion" id="toc-recursive-expansion">Recursive Expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#prompt" id="toc-prompt">Prompt</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#generating" id="toc-generating">Generating</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#results" id="toc-results">Results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#appendix" id="toc-appendix">Appendix</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#claude-3-opus" id="toc-claude-3-opus">Claude-3 Opus</a></li>
<li><a href="/rubiks-cube#claude-2" id="toc-claude-2">Claude-2</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index
‘anesthesia’ tag
2020-08-21
2024-10-08
psychology/neuroscience/memory
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="1314" width="1720" src="/doc/biology/2018-liu-3-figure1-harvestingratsemenbyusingawandvibrator.jpg" title="Figure 1: The photographs showing the processing of penile vibratory stimulation method. (A) Rat was held in a self-made bottle. (B) Rat was stimulated by PVSE. (C & D) Ejaculation occurred after the PVSE protocol. Arrows showed the semen." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia</code>, most recent first: 1 <a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tag</a>, 37 <a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 5 <a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#gwern-2021-1-section" id="toc-gwern-2021-1-section">“Why Dreams Don’t Matter”, Gwern 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#gwern-2011-1-section" id="toc-gwern-2011-1-section">“Inverse P-Zombies: the Other Direction in the Hard Problem of Consciousness”, Gwern 2011</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#lii-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-lii-et-al-2023-section">“Randomized Trial of Ketamine Masked by Surgical Anesthesia in Depressed Patients”, Lii et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#laukkonen-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-laukkonen-et-al-2023-section">“Cessations of Consciousness in Meditation: Advancing a Scientific Understanding of <em>nirodha Samāpatti</em>”, Laukkonen et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#robson-2019-section" id="toc-robson-2019-section">“This Is What It’s like Waking up during Surgery: General Anesthetic Is Supposed to Make Surgery Painless. But Now There’s Evidence That One Person in 20 May Be Awake When Doctors Think They’re Under”, Robson 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#bonhomme-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-bonhomme-et-al-2019-section">“General Anesthesia: A Probe to Explore Consciousness”, Bonhomme et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#simon-2018-section" id="toc-simon-2018-section">“This Chemical Is So Hot It Destroys Nerve Endings—In a Good Way: Resiniferatoxin Is 10,000× Hotter Than the Hottest Pepper, and Has Features That Make It Promising As a Painkiller of Last Resort”, Simon 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#sanders-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-sanders-et-al-2018-section">“Propofol-Induced Unresponsiveness Is Associated With Impaired Feedforward Connectivity in Cortical Hierarchy”, Sanders et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#velasquez-manoff-2018-section" id="toc-velasquez-manoff-2018-section">“Ketamine Stirs Up Hope—And Controversy—As a Depression Drug: The next Big Depression Treatment Might Be Ketamine, but How Best to Use It Remains Unknown”, Velasquez-Manoff 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#liu-et-al-2018c-section" id="toc-liu-et-al-2018c-section">“High Efficient and Non-Invasive Collection of Ejaculates from Rats Using Penile Vibratory Stimulation”, Liu et al 2018c</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#cole-adams-2017-section" id="toc-cole-adams-2017-section">“Surgical Patients May Be Feeling Pain—And (Mostly) Forgetting It: Amnesic Anesthetics Are Convenient and Help Patients Make a Faster Recovery, but They Don’t Necessarily Prevent Suffering during Surgery”, Cole-Adams 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#rowley-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-rowley-et-al-2017-section">“What Do People Expect of General Anesthesia?”, Rowley et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#sanders-et-al-2017-2-section" id="toc-sanders-et-al-2017-2-section">“Incidence of Connected Consciousness After Tracheal Intubation: A Prospective, International, Multicenter Cohort Study of the Isolated Forearm Technique”, Sanders et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#rosendahl-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-rosendahl-et-al-2016-section">“Efficacy of Therapeutic Suggestions under General Anesthesia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials”, Rosendahl et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#kent-et-al-2015-section" id="toc-kent-et-al-2015-section">“Patient Perspectives on Intraoperative Awareness With Explicit Recall: Report from a North American Anesthesia Awareness Registry”, Kent et al 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#ohnozombees-2013-section" id="toc-ohnozombees-2013-section">“IamA Anesthesia Awareness Survivor! AMA!”, ohnozombees 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#lang-2013-section" id="toc-lang-2013-section">“Awakening”, Lang 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#cyranoski-2012-section" id="toc-cyranoski-2012-section">“Neuroscience: The Mind Reader”, Cyranoski 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#noreika-et-al-2011-section" id="toc-noreika-et-al-2011-section">“Consciousness Lost and Found: Subjective Experiences in an Unresponsive State”, Noreika et al 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#alexander-2009-1-section" id="toc-alexander-2009-1-section">“Stuff § Colonoscopy”, Alexander 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#mashour-larock-2008-section" id="toc-mashour-larock-2008-section">“Inverse Zombies, Anesthesia Awareness, and the Hard Problem of Unconsciousness”, Mashour & LaRock 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#alper-2008-section" id="toc-alper-2008-section">“Anesthetizing the Public Conscience: Lethal Injection and Animal Euthanasia”, Alper 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#frank-et-al-2006-section" id="toc-frank-et-al-2006-section">“When Memory Fails, Intuition Reigns: Midazolam Enhances Implicit Inference in Humans”, Frank et al 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#schenkein-montagna-2006-section" id="toc-schenkein-montagna-2006-section">“Self-Management of Fatal Familial Insomnia. Part 2: Case Report”, Schenkein & Montagna 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#sebel-et-al-2004-section" id="toc-sebel-et-al-2004-section">“The Incidence of Awareness During Anesthesia: A Multicenter United States Study”, Sebel et al 2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#u-2004-page-130-section" id="toc-u-2004-page-130-section">“<em>Ketamine: Dreams and Realities</em> § Flashbacks, Acute Stress Reactions, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder”, U. 2004 (page 130)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#appendino-szallasi-1997-section" id="toc-appendino-szallasi-1997-section">“Euphorbium: Modern Research on Its Active Principle, Resiniferatoxin, Revives an Ancient Medicine”, Appendino & Szallasi 1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#dennett-1978-section" id="toc-dennett-1978-section">“Why You Can’t Make a Computer That Feels Pain”, Dennett 1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#keats-beecher-1950-section" id="toc-keats-beecher-1950-section">“Pain Relief With Hypnotic Doses Of Barbiturates And A Hypothesis”, Keats & Beecher 1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section" id="toc-section">“Cocaine: a Cultural History, from Medical Wonder to Illicit Drug”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#uz1qI0Ay-section" id="toc-uz1qI0Ay-section">“Introductory Antimemetics (abandoned First Draft)”, Hughes 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“How Can Doctors Tell If You Wake up during Surgery?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#x0iBpxNf-section" id="toc-x0iBpxNf-section">“Xenon Trip Reports”, Erowid 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“My Hour of Memoryless Lucidity”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“Some Experiments I’d Like Someone To Try With An Amnestic”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“Xenon in Medical Area: Emphasis on Neuroprotection in Hypoxia and Anesthesia”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“Banishing Consciousness: the Mystery of Anesthesia”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“Infants’ Sense of Pain Is Recognized, Finally”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“Anesthesia: What We Still Don’t Know about the ‘Gift of Oblivion’”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#sort-by-magic" id="toc-sort-by-magic">Sort By Magic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#insomnia" id="toc-insomnia"><code>insomnia</code></a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#pain-relief" id="toc-pain-relief"><code>pain-relief</code></a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#anesthesia-awareness" id="toc-anesthesia-awareness"><code>anesthesia-awareness</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/anesthesia/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/philosophy/mind/index
‘mind’ tag
2018-01-21
2024-11-24
psychology/neuroscience/pain
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline" height="319" width="512" src="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/claude/2024-06-30-michelangelo-thecreationofadam-editedwithrubikscube-512px.jpg" title="Michaelangelo's <em>The Creation of Adam</em>, edited to insert a Rubik's Cube in place of the touching hands of God & Adam, as a parodic thumbnail for a satirical essay about the importance of Rubik's Cubing as an ineffable and god-like task machines will never be capable of. Edited by Gwern Branwen in GIMP." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>philosophy/mind</code>, most recent first: 3 <a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 132 <a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 42 <a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/philosophy/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-fiction-the-diamond-earrings-section" id="toc-gwern-fiction-the-diamond-earrings-section">“The Diamond Earrings”, Gwern 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-2024-05-section" id="toc-gwern-2024-05-section">“You Should Write More Online—It’s Still a Good Time”, Gwern 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-review-the-last-unicorn-section" id="toc-gwern-review-the-last-unicorn-section">“Review Of <em>The Last Unicorn</em>”, Gwern 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-review-quantum-thief-section" id="toc-gwern-review-quantum-thief-section">“Review Of <em>The Quantum Thief</em> Trilogy”, Gwern 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-review-cat-section" id="toc-gwern-review-cat-section">“Cat Psychology & Domestication: Are We Good Owners?”, Gwern 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-gpt-3-section" id="toc-gwern-gpt-3-section">“GPT-3 Creative Fiction”, Gwern 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-turing-complete-section" id="toc-gwern-turing-complete-section">“Surprisingly Turing-Complete”, Gwern 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-gpt-3-nonfiction-section" id="toc-gwern-gpt-3-nonfiction-section">“GPT-3 Nonfiction”, Gwern 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-2011-1-section" id="toc-gwern-2011-1-section">“Inverse P-Zombies: the Other Direction in the Hard Problem of Consciousness”, Gwern 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-backstop-section" id="toc-gwern-backstop-section">“Evolution As Backstop for Reinforcement Learning”, Gwern 2018</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section" id="toc-section">“What Do Animals Understand About Death?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ngo-2024-section" id="toc-ngo-2024-section">“The GPT”, Ngo 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#rathi-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-rathi-et-al-2024-section">“GPT-4 Is Judged More Human Than Humans in Displaced and Inverted Turing Tests”, Rathi et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#claude-3-2024-section" id="toc-claude-3-2024-section">“On the Impossibility of Superintelligent Rubik’s Cube Solvers [Claude-3.5-Sonnet]”, Claude-3 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#fedorenko-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-fedorenko-et-al-2024-section">“Language Is Primarily a Tool for Communication rather than Thought”, Fedorenko et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#street-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-street-et-al-2024-section">“LLMs Achieve Adult Human Performance on Higher-Order Theory of Mind Tasks”, Street et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#li-et-al-2024-11-section" id="toc-li-et-al-2024-11-section">“I Think, Therefore I Am: Benchmarking Awareness of Large Language Models Using AwareBench”, Li et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#milli%C3%A8re-buckner-2024-section" id="toc-millière-buckner-2024-section">“A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models—Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates”, Millière & Buckner 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Testing Theory of Mind in Large Language Models and Humans”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#mili%C4%8Dka-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-milička-et-al-2024-section">“Large Language Models Are Able to Downplay Their Cognitive Abilities to Fit the Persona They Simulate”, Milička et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#jones-bergen-2023-section" id="toc-jones-bergen-2023-section">“Does GPT-4 Pass the Turing Test?”, Jones & Bergen 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#kim-et-al-2023-3-section" id="toc-kim-et-al-2023-3-section">“FANToM: A Benchmark for Stress-Testing Machine Theory of Mind in Interactions”, Kim et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#djeriouat-2023-section" id="toc-djeriouat-2023-section">“The Dark Triad of Personality and Folk Intuitions about Free Will and Moral Responsibility”, Djeriouat 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#cerulo-2023-section" id="toc-cerulo-2023-section">“Enduring Relationships: Social Aspects of Perceived Interactions With the Dead”, Cerulo 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ma%C4%87kiewicz-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-maćkiewicz-et-al-2023-section">“The Influence of Philosophical Training on the Evaluation of Philosophical Cases: a Controlled Longitudinal Study”, Maćkiewicz et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#hillemacher-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-hillemacher-et-al-2023-section">“Roosters Do Not Warn the Bird in the Mirror: The Cognitive Ecology of Mirror Self-Recognition”, Hillemacher et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#schwettmann-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-schwettmann-et-al-2023-section">“Multimodal Neurons in Pretrained Text-Only Transformers”, Schwettmann et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gwern-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-gwern-et-al-2023-section">“On the Impossibility of Superintelligent Rubik’s Cube Solvers”, Gwern et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#yudkowsky-2023-section" id="toc-yudkowsky-2023-section">ESYudkowsky @ “2023-07-18”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#li-et-al-2023-04-section" id="toc-li-et-al-2023-04-section">“Large Language Models Understand and Can Be Enhanced by Emotional Stimuli”, Li et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ogara-2023-section" id="toc-ogara-2023-section">“Hoodwinked: Deception and Cooperation in a Text-Based Game for Language Models”, O’Gara 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#hofstadter-kim-2023-section" id="toc-hofstadter-kim-2023-section">“<em>Gödel, Escher, Bach</em> Author Douglas Hofstadter on the State of AI Today § What about AI Terrifies You?”, Hofstadter & Kim 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gandhi-et-al-2023-2-section" id="toc-gandhi-et-al-2023-2-section">“Understanding Social Reasoning in Language Models With Language Models”, Gandhi et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#moghaddam-honey-2023-section" id="toc-moghaddam-honey-2023-section">“Boosting Theory-Of-Mind Performance in Large Language Models via Prompting”, Moghaddam & Honey 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#farnsworth-elwood-2023-section" id="toc-farnsworth-elwood-2023-section">“Why It Hurts: With Freedom Comes the Biological Need for Pain”, Farnsworth & Elwood 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#jackson-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-jackson-et-al-2023-section">“Exposure to Automation Explains Religious Declines”, Jackson et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#mitchell-chugg-2022-section" id="toc-mitchell-chugg-2022-section">“Increments Podcast: #45—4 Central Fallacies of AI Research (with Melanie Mitchell)”, Mitchell & Chugg 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#piantadosi-hill-2022-section" id="toc-piantadosi-hill-2022-section">“Meaning without Reference in Large Language Models”, Piantadosi & Hill 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#unnsteinsson-2022-section" id="toc-unnsteinsson-2022-section">“The Social Epistemology of Introspection”, Unnsteinsson 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#katzir-genschow-2022-section" id="toc-katzir-genschow-2022-section">“Automatic or Controlled: How Does Disbelief in Free Will Influence Cognitive Functioning?”, Katzir & Genschow 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#baron-devor-2022-section" id="toc-baron-devor-2022-section">“Might Pain Be Experienced in the Brainstem rather than in the Cerebral Cortex?”, Baron & Devor 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ujhelyi-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-ujhelyi-et-al-2022-section">“Would You Pass the Turing Test? Influencing Factors of the Turing Decision”, Ujhelyi et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#clune-2022-section" id="toc-clune-2022-section">“Night Shifts: Can Technology Shape Our Dreams?”, Clune 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#laukkonen-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-laukkonen-et-al-2022-section">“Irrelevant Insights Make Worldviews Ring True”, Laukkonen et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#kocijan-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-kocijan-et-al-2022-section">“The Defeat of the Winograd Schema Challenge”, Kocijan et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#carls-diamante-2022-section" id="toc-carls-diamante-2022-section">“Where Is It Like to Be an Octopus?”, Carls-Diamante 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#hogendoorn-2021-section" id="toc-hogendoorn-2021-section">“Perception in Real-Time: Predicting the Present, Reconstructing the Past”, Hogendoorn 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#lee-2021-section" id="toc-lee-2021-section">“Why Computers Don’t Need to Match Human Intelligence: With Continuing Advances in Machine Learning, It Makes Less and Less Sense to Compare AI to the Human Mind”, Lee 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#timmermann-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-timmermann-et-al-2021-section">“Psychedelics Alter Metaphysical Beliefs”, Timmermann et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#sep-2021-death-deprivation-section" id="toc-sep-2021-death-deprivation-section">“Death § 3.2 The Deprivationist Defense”, SEP 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#sep-2021-death-symmetry-section" id="toc-sep-2021-death-symmetry-section">“Death § 5.2 The Symmetry Argument”, SEP 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#pellegrino-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-pellegrino-et-al-2021-section">“Consequences of Gaining Olfactory Function After Lifelong Anosmia”, Pellegrino et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#yaden-anderson-2021-section" id="toc-yaden-anderson-2021-section">“The Psychology of Philosophy: Associating Philosophical Views With Psychological Traits in Professional Philosophers”, Yaden & Anderson 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#caruana-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-caruana-et-al-2021-section">“Autistic Traits and Loneliness in Autism Are Associated With Increased Tendencies to Anthropomorphize”, Caruana et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#fletcher-2021-section" id="toc-fletcher-2021-section">“Why Computers Will Never Read (or Write) Literature: A Logical Proof and a Narrative”, Fletcher 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#forstmann-burgmer-2021-section" id="toc-forstmann-burgmer-2021-section">“The Cartesian Folk Theater: People Conceptualize Consciousness As a Spatio-Temporally Localized Process in the Human Brain”, Forstmann & Burgmer 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#bender-koller-2020-section" id="toc-bender-koller-2020-section">“Climbing towards NLU: On Meaning, Form, and Understanding in the Age of Data”, Bender & Koller 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#chollet-2019-section" id="toc-chollet-2019-section">“On the Measure of Intelligence”, Chollet 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#musser-2019-section" id="toc-musser-2019-section">“Schrödinger’s Zombie: Adam Brown at the 6<sup>th</sup> FQXi Meeting”, Musser 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#taiz-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-taiz-et-al-2019-section">“Plants Neither Possess nor Require Consciousness”, Taiz et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#alexander-2019-2-section" id="toc-alexander-2019-2-section">“GPT-2 As Step Toward General Intelligence”, Alexander 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#mitchell-2019-section" id="toc-mitchell-2019-section">“<em>Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans</em> § Prologue: Terrified”, Mitchell 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#bonhomme-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-bonhomme-et-al-2019-section">“General Anesthesia: A Probe to Explore Consciousness”, Bonhomme et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#white-remington-2018b-section" id="toc-white-remington-2018b-section">“Object Personification in Autism: This Paper Will Be Very Sad If You Don’t Read It”, White & Remington 2018b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#just-man-2-section" id="toc-just-man-2-section">“Loyal to the Group of 17’s Story—The Just Man”, Wolfe 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#hanson-2017-section" id="toc-hanson-2017-section">“Better Babblers”, Hanson 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#proudfoot-2017-section" id="toc-proudfoot-2017-section">“Child Machines”, Proudfoot 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#panero-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-panero-et-al-2016-section">“Does Reading a Single Passage of Literary Fiction Really Improve Theory of Mind? An Attempt at Replication”, Panero et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#feinberg-2016-consciousness-2-section" id="toc-feinberg-2016-consciousness-2-section">“The <em>Nature</em> Of Primary Consciousness: A New Synthesis”, Feinberg & Mallatt 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#barron-klein-2016-section" id="toc-barron-klein-2016-section">“What Insects Can Tell Us about the Origins of Consciousness”, Barron & Klein 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#chalmers-2016-section" id="toc-chalmers-2016-section">“The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis”, Chalmers 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#balu%C5%A1ka-levin-2016-section" id="toc-baluška-levin-2016-section">“On Having No Head: Cognition throughout Biological Systems”, Baluška & Levin 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#bourget-chalmers-2013-section" id="toc-bourget-chalmers-2013-section">“What Do Philosophers Believe?”, Bourget & Chalmers 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#bourget-chalmers-2013-page-20-section" id="toc-bourget-chalmers-2013-page-20-section">“What Do Philosophers Believe? § Factor Analysis”, Bourget & Chalmers 2013 (page 20)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ratcliffe-et-al-2013-section" id="toc-ratcliffe-et-al-2013-section">“A Bad Case of the Flu? The Comparative Phenomenology of Depression and Somatic Illness”, Ratcliffe et al 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#alexander-2012-section" id="toc-alexander-2012-section">“The Whispering Earring”, Alexander 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#watkins-shelley-2012-section" id="toc-watkins-shelley-2012-section">“Response-Dependence About Esthetic Value”, Watkins & Shelley 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#bakker-2012-2-section" id="toc-bakker-2012-2-section">“The Last Magic Show: A Blind Brain Theory of the Appearance of Consciousness”, Bakker 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#kurihara-tsukada-2012-2-section" id="toc-kurihara-tsukada-2012-2-section">“SpeechJammer: A System Utilizing Artificial Speech Disturbance With Delayed Auditory Feedback”, Kurihara & Tsukada 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ingram-2012-section" id="toc-ingram-2012-section">“RE: After 4<sup>th</sup> Path: What Do To?”, Ingram 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#bakker-2011-section" id="toc-bakker-2011-section">“Outing the It That Thinks: The Collapse of an Intellectual Ecosystem”, Bakker 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#montgomery-2011-section" id="toc-montgomery-2011-section">“Deep Intellect”, Montgomery 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#pohl-2011-section" id="toc-pohl-2011-section">“Declining Immortality Twice”, Pohl 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#aaronson-2011-section" id="toc-aaronson-2011-section">“Why Philosophers Should Care About Computational Complexity”, Aaronson 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#rijn-et-al-2011-section" id="toc-rijn-et-al-2011-section">“Decapitation in Rats: Latency to Unconsciousness and the ‘Wave of Death’”, Rijn et al 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#mar-2011-section" id="toc-mar-2011-section">“The Neural Bases of Social Cognition and Story Comprehension”, Mar 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#bancel-letang-2010-section" id="toc-bancel-letang-2010-section">“Where Do Personal Pronouns Come From?”, Bancel & L’etang 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#vimal-2010-section" id="toc-vimal-2010-section">“On the Quest of Defining Consciousness”, Vimal 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#mashour-larock-2008-section" id="toc-mashour-larock-2008-section">“Inverse Zombies, Anesthesia Awareness, and the Hard Problem of Unconsciousness”, Mashour & LaRock 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#schwitzgebel-2008-section" id="toc-schwitzgebel-2008-section">“The Unreliability of Naive Introspection”, Schwitzgebel 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#rodriguez-2006-section" id="toc-rodriguez-2006-section">“A Methodology for Studying Various Interpretations of the <em>N,N</em>-Dimethyltryptamine-Induced Alternate Reality”, Rodriguez 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#schwitzgebel-2002-section" id="toc-schwitzgebel-2002-section">“Why Did We Think We Dreamed in Black and White?”, Schwitzgebel 2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#hofstadter-cope-2001-section" id="toc-hofstadter-cope-2001-section">“Staring Emmy Straight in the Eye—And Doing My Best Not to Flinch”, Hofstadter & Cope 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#grahek-2001-section" id="toc-grahek-2001-section">“Feeling Pain and Being in Pain”, Grahek 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#schwitzgebel-gordon-2000-section" id="toc-schwitzgebel-gordon-2000-section">“How Well Do We Know Our Own Conscious Experience? The Case of Human Echolocation”, Schwitzgebel & Gordon 2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#scholl-tremoulet-2000-section" id="toc-scholl-tremoulet-2000-section">“Perceptual Causality and Animacy”, Scholl & Tremoulet 2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ploner-et-al-1999-section" id="toc-ploner-et-al-1999-section">“Pain Affect without Pain Sensation in a Patient With a Postcentral Lesion”, Ploner et al 1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#chiang-1999-section" id="toc-chiang-1999-section">“Story Of Your Life”, Chiang 1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#budiansky-1998-section" id="toc-budiansky-1998-section">“If a Lion Could Talk: Animal Intelligence and the Evolution of Consciousness”, Budiansky 1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#berman-1996-section" id="toc-berman-1996-section">“Simon Browne: the Soul-Murdered Theologian”, Berman 1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#greenberg-bailey-1994-section" id="toc-greenberg-bailey-1994-section">“The Irrelevance of the Medical Model of Mental Illness to Law and Ethics”, Greenberg & Bailey 1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#astington-1993-section" id="toc-astington-1993-section">“The Child’s Discovery of the Mind”, Astington 1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#brand-yancey-1993-page-203-section" id="toc-brand-yancey-1993-page-203-section">“<em>Pain: The Gift No One Wants</em> § A Poor Substitute”, Brand & Yancey 1993 (page 203)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ong-1992-section" id="toc-ong-1992-section">“Writing Is a Technology That Restructures Thought”, Ong 1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#worth-1991-section" id="toc-worth-1991-section"><em>Geoffrey Sonnabend: Obliscence, Theories of Forgetting and the Problem of Matter—An Encapsulation (Fourth Edition, Abridged)</em>, Worth 1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#moore-1986-section" id="toc-moore-1986-section">“Watchmaker [Watchmen, Chapter 4]”, Moore 1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#cuda-1985-section" id="toc-cuda-1985-section">“Against Neural Chauvinism”, Cuda 1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#minsky-1984-section" id="toc-minsky-1984-section">“Afterword to Vernor Vinge’s Novel, <em>True Names</em>”, Minsky 1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#smullyan-1982-section" id="toc-smullyan-1982-section">“An Epistemological Nightmare”, Smullyan 1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#dennett-1978-section" id="toc-dennett-1978-section">“Why You Can’t Make a Computer That Feels Pain”, Dennett 1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#dennett-1974-section" id="toc-dennett-1974-section">“Why the Law of Effect Will Not Go Away”, Dennett 1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#ponnamperuma-cameron-1974-section" id="toc-ponnamperuma-cameron-1974-section"><em>Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives</em>, Ponnamperuma & Cameron 1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#perry-1972-section" id="toc-perry-1972-section">“Can the Self Divide?”, Perry 1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#popper-1968-section" id="toc-popper-1968-section">“Epistemology Without a Knowing Subject”, Popper 1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#gregory-1961-section" id="toc-gregory-1961-section">“The Brain As an Engineering Problem”, Gregory 1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#good-1959-section" id="toc-good-1959-section">“Speculations on Perceptrons and Other Automata”, Good 1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#turing-1950-section" id="toc-turing-1950-section">“Computing Machinery And Intelligence”, Turing 1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#heider-simmel-1944-section" id="toc-heider-simmel-1944-section">“An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior”, Heider & Simmel 1944</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#borges-1937-section" id="toc-borges-1937-section">“Ramon Lull’s Thinking Machine”, Borges 1937</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#keller-1904-section" id="toc-keller-1904-section">“<em>The World I Live In</em> § XI. Before The Soul Dawn”, Keller 1904</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#QtdJZ4c2-section" id="toc-QtdJZ4c2-section">“<em>On the Nature of Things</em>: Book 4: The Senses and Mental Pictures”, Lucretius 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#G4ZImMzI-section" id="toc-G4ZImMzI-section">“Sébastien Moro on the Most Insane Things Fish Can Do”, Moro 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#0XYKLRX--section" id="toc-0XYKLRX--section">“The Old Fools”, Larkin 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“The Things”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“The Subjective Experience of Time: Welfare Implications”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“The Lie Comes First, the Worlds to Accommodate It”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“Can We Really Be Friends With an Octopus? When Octopuses Are Social, Are They Reaching out or Simply Reacting?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“Do Large Language Models Understand Us?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“Is There Suffering in Fundamental Physics?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-8" id="toc-section-8">“Results: The Computerized Philosopher: Can You Distinguish Daniel Dennett from a Computer?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-9" id="toc-section-9">“The Computerized Philosopher: Can You Distinguish Daniel Dennett from a Computer?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-10" id="toc-section-10">“Book Review: <em>Origin Of Consciousness In The Breakdown Of The Bicameral Mind</em>”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-11" id="toc-section-11">“Humans Who Are Not Concentrating Are Not General Intelligences”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-12" id="toc-section-12">“How Conjoined Twins Are Making Scientists Question the Concept of Self”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#9ZSwSXks-section" id="toc-9ZSwSXks-section">“The Latter Part of the Third Book of Lucretius; against the Fear of Death”, Dryden 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-13" id="toc-section-13">“Why Insects Are More Sensitive Than They Seem”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-14" id="toc-section-14">“Banishing Consciousness: the Mystery of Anesthesia”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-15" id="toc-section-15">“PRISM: The Function of Phenomenal States: Supramodular Interaction Theory”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-16" id="toc-section-16">“Do Drugs Make Religious Experience Possible? They Did for James and for Other Philosopher-Mystics of His Day. James’s Experiments With Psychoactive Drugs Raise Difficult Questions about Belief and Its Conditions”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-17" id="toc-section-17">“Do Animals Have Feelings?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-18" id="toc-section-18">“Why Do Most Languages Have So Few Words for Smells?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#section-19" id="toc-section-19">“‘Mother’”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/philosophy/mind/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index
‘pain’ tag
2020-06-22
2024-10-24
philosophy/mind psychology/willpower
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="637" width="881" src="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/2014-smith-figure1-testedhoneybeestinglocationsonbody.jpg" title="Figure 1: Sting Locations. Drawing of the human form with red X and labels at the sting locations." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>psychology/neuroscience/pain</code>, most recent first: 3 <a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 41 <a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 5 <a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#gwern-fiction-batman-section" id="toc-gwern-fiction-batman-section">“The Gift of the Amygdali”, Gwern 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#gwern-backstop-section" id="toc-gwern-backstop-section">“Evolution As Backstop for Reinforcement Learning”, Gwern 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#gwern-rtx-section" id="toc-gwern-rtx-section">“Highly Potent Drugs As Psychological Warfare Weapons”, Gwern 2020</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#holohan-2023-section" id="toc-holohan-2023-section">“A Boy Saw 17 Doctors over 3 Years for Chronic Pain. ChatGPT Found the Diagnosis”, Holohan 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#badran-peng-2023-section" id="toc-badran-peng-2023-section">“Transcranial Focused Ultrasound (tFUS): a Promising Noninvasive Deep Brain Stimulation Approach for Pain”, Badran & Peng 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#farnsworth-elwood-2023-section" id="toc-farnsworth-elwood-2023-section">“Why It Hurts: With Freedom Comes the Biological Need for Pain”, Farnsworth & Elwood 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#kehe-2023-section" id="toc-kehe-2023-section">“Brandon Sanderson Is Your God: He’s the Biggest Fantasy Writer in the World. He’s Also Very Mormon. These Things Are Profoundly Related”, Kehe 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#soper-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-soper-et-al-2022-section">“On the Randomness of Suicide: An Evolutionary, Clinical Call to Transcend Suicide Risk Assessment”, Soper et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#gibbons-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-gibbons-et-al-2022-section">“Motivational Trade-Offs and Modulation of Nociception in Bumblebees”, Gibbons et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#baron-devor-2022-section" id="toc-baron-devor-2022-section">“Might Pain Be Experienced in the Brainstem rather than in the Cerebral Cortex?”, Baron & Devor 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#rosen-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-rosen-et-al-2022-section">“Olfactory Exposure to Late-Pregnant and Lactating Mice Causes Stress-Induced Analgesia in Male Mice”, Rosen et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#benenson-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-benenson-et-al-2021-section">“Self-Protection As an Adaptive Female Strategy”, Benenson et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#deren-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-deren-et-al-2021-section">“In the Running”, Deren et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#levy-2020-section" id="toc-levy-2020-section">“A World Without Pain: Does Hurting Make Us Human?”, Levy 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#evangelista-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-evangelista-et-al-2019-section">“Facial Expressions of Pain in Cats: the Development and Validation of a Feline Grimace Scale”, Evangelista et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#taiz-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-taiz-et-al-2019-section">“Plants Neither Possess nor Require Consciousness”, Taiz et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#shaer-2019-1-section" id="toc-shaer-2019-1-section">“The Family That Feels Almost No Pain: An Italian Clan’s Curious Insensitivity to Pain Has Piqued the Interest of Geneticists Seeking a New Understanding of How to Treat Physical Suffering”, Shaer 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#habib-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-habib-et-al-2019-section">“Microdeletion in a <em>FAAH</em> Pseudogene Identified in a Patient With High Anandamide Concentrations and Pain Insensitivity”, Habib et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#garza-villarreal-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-garza-villarreal-et-al-2017-section">“Music-Induced Analgesia in Chronic Pain Conditions: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, Garza-Villarreal et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#witth%C3%B6ft-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-witthöft-et-al-2017-section">“Clarifying the Latent Structure and Correlates of Somatic Symptom Distress: A Bifactor Model Approach”, Witthöft et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#crook-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-crook-et-al-2014-section">“Nociceptive Sensitization Reduces Predation Risk”, Crook et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#sorge-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-sorge-et-al-2014-section">“Olfactory Exposure to Males, including Men, Causes Stress and Related Analgesia in Rodents”, Sorge et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#smith-2014-section" id="toc-smith-2014-section">“Honey Bee Sting Pain Index by Body Location”, Smith 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#wilson-et-al-2014-1-section" id="toc-wilson-et-al-2014-1-section">“Social Psychology. Just Think: the Challenges of the Disengaged Mind”, Wilson et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#jamison-2013-section" id="toc-jamison-2013-section">“The Devil’s Bait: Symptoms, Signs, and the Riddle of Morgellons”, Jamison 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#hagerty-et-al-2013-section" id="toc-hagerty-et-al-2013-section">“Case Study of Ecstatic Meditation: FMRI and EEG Evidence of Self-Stimulating a Reward System”, Hagerty et al 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#feinstein-et-al-2013-section" id="toc-feinstein-et-al-2013-section">“Fear and Panic in Humans With Bilateral Amygdala Damage”, Feinstein et al 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#atreus-2008-section" id="toc-atreus-2008-section">“Two Arms and a Head: The Death of a Newly Paraplegic Philosopher”, Atreus 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#drescher-2006-page-94-section" id="toc-drescher-2006-page-94-section">“<em>Good and Real: Demystifying Paradoxes from Physics to Ethics</em> § Pg94”, Drescher 2006 (page 94)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#stasi-et-al-2004-section" id="toc-stasi-et-al-2004-section">“Stability of Resiniferatoxin Stock Solutions”, Stasi et al 2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#morris-et-al-2003-section" id="toc-morris-et-al-2003-section">“Adjunctive Virtual Reality Pain Relief After Traumatic Injury: a Proof-Of-Concept Within-Person Randomized Trial”, Morris et al 2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#guisinger-2003-section" id="toc-guisinger-2003-section">“Adapted to Flee Famine: Adding an Evolutionary Perspective on Anorexia Nervosa”, Guisinger 2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#grahek-2001-section" id="toc-grahek-2001-section">“Feeling Pain and Being in Pain”, Grahek 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#ploner-et-al-1999-section" id="toc-ploner-et-al-1999-section">“Pain Affect without Pain Sensation in a Patient With a Postcentral Lesion”, Ploner et al 1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#melzack-wall-1996-section" id="toc-melzack-wall-1996-section">“The Challenge of Pain (Updated Second Edition)”, Melzack & Wall 1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#brand-yancey-1993-section" id="toc-brand-yancey-1993-section">“Pain: The Gift Nobody Wants”, Brand & Yancey 1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#barber-1959-section" id="toc-barber-1959-section">“Toward a Theory of Pain: Relief of Chronic Pain by Prefrontal Leucotomy, Opiates, Placebos, and Hypnosis”, Barber 1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#dearborn-1932-section" id="toc-dearborn-1932-section">“A Case of Congenital General Pure Analgesia”, Dearborn 1932</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#section" id="toc-section">“A Novel Human Pain Insensitivity Disorder Caused by a Point Mutation in ZFHX2”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Genetic Enhancement of Inflammatory Pain by Forebrain NR2B Overexpression”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“Why Do We so Seldom See People Smiling in Painted Portraits? Nicholas Jeeves Explores the History of the Smile through the Ages of Portraiture, from Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa to Alexander Gardner’s Photographs of Abraham Lincoln.”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“Raising Welfare for Lab Rodents”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“Your Book Review: <em>Two Arms and a Head</em>”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“PRISM: The Function of Phenomenal States: Supramodular Interaction Theory”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychology/neuroscience/pain/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index
‘rare mutations’ tag
2019-09-29
2024-11-25
iq/low
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="978" width="454" src="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/2023-schuelke-figure1-photographsofinfantwithmyostatinlossoffunctionmutationshowingextramuscularityinfamilyhistoryofstrength.jpg" title="" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>genetics/heritable/rare</code>, most recent first: 2 <a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 227 <a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 25 <a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#banerjee-girirajan-2024-section" id="toc-banerjee-girirajan-2024-section">“Cross-Ancestry Analysis Identifies Genes Associated With Obesity Risk and Protection”, Banerjee & Girirajan 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#blair-risch-2024-section" id="toc-blair-risch-2024-section">“Dissecting the Reduced Penetrance of Putative Loss-Of-Function Variants in Population-Scale Biobanks”, Blair & Risch 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#samocha-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-samocha-et-al-2024-section">“Substantial Role of Rare Inherited Variation in Individuals With Developmental Disorders”, Samocha et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kingdom-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-kingdom-et-al-2024-section">“Genetic Modifiers of Rare Variants in Monogenic Developmental Disorder Loci”, Kingdom et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#huguet-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-huguet-et-al-2024-section">“Effects of Gene Dosage on Cognitive Ability: A Function-Based Association Study across Brain and Non-Brain Processes”, Huguet et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#chen-et-al-2024-1-section" id="toc-chen-et-al-2024-1-section">“De Novo Variants in the Non-Coding Spliceosomal SnRNA Gene RNU4-2 Are a Frequent Cause of Syndromic Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, Chen et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#heng-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-heng-et-al-2024-section">“Widespread Recessive Effects on Common Diseases in a Cohort of 44,000 British Pakistanis and Bangladeshis With High Autozygosity”, Heng et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#huang-et-al-2024-1-section" id="toc-huang-et-al-2024-1-section">“Dissecting the Contribution of Common Variants to Risk of Rare Neurodevelopmental Conditions”, Huang et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#dias-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-dias-et-al-2024-section">“Narrowing the Diagnostic Gap: Genomes, Episignatures, Long-Read Sequencing, and Health Economic Analyses in an Exome-Negative Intellectual Disability Cohort”, Dias et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section" id="toc-section">“Examining the Role of Common Variants in Rare Neurodevelopmental Conditions”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#noyvert-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-noyvert-et-al-2023-section">“Imputation of Structural Variants Using a Multi-Ancestry Long-Read Sequencing Panel Enables Identification of Disease Associations”, Noyvert et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#consortium-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-consortium-et-al-2023-section">“Whole-Genome Sequencing of Half-A-Million UK Biobank Participants”, Consortium et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#matheson-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-matheson-et-al-2023-section">“Human Deleterious Mutation Rate Implies High Fitness Variance, With Declining Mean Fitness Compensated by Rarer Beneficial Mutations of Larger Effect”, Matheson et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#trajanoska-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-trajanoska-et-al-2023-section">“From Target Discovery to Clinical Drug Development With Human Genetics”, Trajanoska et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#fenner-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-fenner-et-al-2023-section">“Rare Coding Variants in Schizophrenia-Associated Genes Affect Generalised Cognition in the UK Biobank”, Fenner et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#chatsirisupachai-magalh%C3%A3es-2023-section" id="toc-chatsirisupachai-magalhães-2023-section">“Somatic Mutations in Human Ageing: New Insights from DNA Sequencing and Inherited Mutations”, Chatsirisupachai & Magalhães 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kolker-2023-section" id="toc-kolker-2023-section">“The Vanishing Family: They All Have a 50-50 Chance of Inheriting a Cruel Genetic Mutation—Which Means Disappearing into Dementia in Middle Age. This Is the Story of What It’s like to Live With Those Odds”, Kolker 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#rolland-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-rolland-et-al-2023-section">“Phenotypic Effects of Genetic Variants Associated With Autism”, Rolland et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wall-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-wall-et-al-2023-section">“South Asian Medical Cohorts Reveal Strong Founder Effects and High Rates of Homozygosity”, Wall et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wang-2023-2-section" id="toc-wang-2023-2-section">“Estimating the Parental Age Effect on Intelligence With Controlling for Confounding Effects from Genotypic Differences”, Wang 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#mikaeili-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-mikaeili-et-al-2023-section">“Molecular Basis of <em>FAAH-OUT</em>-Associated Human Pain Insensitivity”, Mikaeili et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#firsanov-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-firsanov-et-al-2023-section">“DNA Repair and Anti-Cancer Mechanisms in the Longest-Living Mammal: the Bowhead Whale”, Firsanov et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#liang-et-al-2023b-section" id="toc-liang-et-al-2023b-section">“Predicting ExWAS Findings from GWAS Data: a Shorter Path to Causal Genes”, Liang et al 2023b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#dattani-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-dattani-et-al-2023-section">“Common and Rare Variant Associations With Latent Traits Underlying Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia”, Dattani et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#maury-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-maury-et-al-2023-section">“Schizophrenia-Associated Somatic Copy-Number Variants from 12,834 Cases Reveal Recurrent <em>NRXN1</em> and <em>ABCB11</em> Disruptions”, Maury et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kaisinger-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-kaisinger-et-al-2023-section">“Large-Scale Exome Sequence Analysis Identifies Sex- and Age-Specific Determinants of Obesity”, Kaisinger et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#lake-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-lake-et-al-2022-section">“Quantifying Constraint in Human Mitochondrial DNA”, Lake et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hwang-et-al-2022-1-section" id="toc-hwang-et-al-2022-1-section">“Heritability of <em>de Novo</em> Germline Mutation Reveals a Contribution from Paternal but Not Maternal Genetic Factors”, Hwang et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#csordas-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-csordas-et-al-2022-section">“Cell Tree Rings: the Shape of Somatic Evolution As a Human Aging Timer”, Csordas et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#surendran-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-surendran-et-al-2022-section">“Rare and Common Genetic Determinants of Metabolic Individuality and Their Effects on Human Health”, Surendran et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#willis-wallace-2022-section" id="toc-willis-wallace-2022-section">“Accurate Detection of Shared Genetic Architecture from GWAS Summary Statistics in the Small-Sample Context”, Willis & Wallace 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#colbert-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-colbert-et-al-2022-section">“Declining Autozygosity over Time: an Exploration in over 1 Million Individuals from 3 Diverse Cohorts”, Colbert et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#priv%C3%A9-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-privé-et-al-2022-section">“Inferring Disease Architecture and Predictive Ability With LDpred2-Auto”, Privé et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#dhindsa-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-dhindsa-et-al-2022-section">“Influences of Rare Protein-Coding Genetic Variants on the Human Plasma Proteome in 50,829 UK Biobank Participants”, Dhindsa et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#baribeau-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-baribeau-et-al-2022-section">“Developmental Implications of Genetic Testing for Physical Indications”, Baribeau et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#brandes-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-brandes-et-al-2022-section">“Genome-Wide Prediction of Disease Variants With a Deep Protein Language Model”, Brandes et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wootton-shafer-2022-section" id="toc-wootton-shafer-2022-section">“Genomic Health Is Dependent on Population Demographic History”, Wootton & Shafer 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#sohail-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-sohail-et-al-2022-section">“Nationwide Genomic Biobank in Mexico Unravels Demographic History and Complex Trait Architecture from 6,057 Individuals”, Sohail et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#weiner-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-weiner-et-al-2022-section">“Polygenic Architecture of Rare Coding Variation across 400,000 Exomes”, Weiner et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#feldmann-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-feldmann-et-al-2022-section">“Complex Traits and Candidate Genes: Estimation of Genetic Variance Components Across Modes of Inheritance”, Feldmann et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#chen-et-al-2022-rare-variants-section" id="toc-chen-et-al-2022-rare-variants-section">“The Impact of Rare Protein Coding Genetic Variation on Adult Cognitive Function”, Chen et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#huang-et-al-2022-1-section" id="toc-huang-et-al-2022-1-section">“Rare Genetic Variants Impact Muscle Strength”, Huang et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#donner-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-donner-et-al-2022-section">“Genetic Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of Canine Mendelian Disease Variants in over One Million Dogs”, Donner et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wigdor-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-wigdor-et-al-2022-section">“The Female Protective Effect against Autism Spectrum Disorder”, Wigdor et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#grueber-sunnucks-2022-section" id="toc-grueber-sunnucks-2022-section">“Using Genomics to Fight Extinction: Quantifying Fitness of Wild Organisms from Genomic Data Alone Is a Challenging Frontier”, Grueber & Sunnucks 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#robinson-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-robinson-et-al-2022-section">“The Critically Endangered Vaquita Is Not Doomed to Extinction by Inbreeding Depression”, Robinson et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#lu-et-al-2022-1-section" id="toc-lu-et-al-2022-1-section">“Polygenic Risk Score As a Possible Tool for Identifying Familial Monogenic Causes of Complex Diseases”, Lu et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#chang-et-al-2022-2-section" id="toc-chang-et-al-2022-2-section">“The Contributions of Rare Inherited and Polygenic Risk to ASD in Multiplex Families”, Chang et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#cheng-et-al-2022b-section" id="toc-cheng-et-al-2022b-section">“Exome-Wide Screening Identifies Novel Rare Risk Variants for Major Depression Disorder”, Cheng et al 2022b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#vialle-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-vialle-et-al-2022-section">“Integrating Whole-Genome Sequencing With Multi-Omic Data Reveals the Impact of Structural Variants on Gene Regulation in the Human Brain”, Vialle et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#ferreira-et-al-2022-1-section" id="toc-ferreira-et-al-2022-1-section">“Characterization of Arabian Peninsula Whole Exomes: Exploring High Inbreeding Features”, Ferreira et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#demontis-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-demontis-et-al-2022-section">“Genome-Wide Analyses of ADHD Identify 27 Risk Loci, Refine the Genetic Architecture and Implicate Several Cognitive Domains”, Demontis et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#jukarainen-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-jukarainen-et-al-2022-section">“Genetic Risk Factors Have a Substantial Impact on Healthy Life Years”, Jukarainen et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#lappalainen-macarthur-2022-section" id="toc-lappalainen-macarthur-2022-section">“From Variant to Function in Human Disease Genetics”, Lappalainen & MacArthur 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#williams-et-al-2022-2-section" id="toc-williams-et-al-2022-2-section">“Life Histories of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Inferred from Phylogenies”, Williams et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#gorzynski-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-gorzynski-et-al-2022-section">“Ultra-Rapid Nanopore Genome Sequencing in a Critical Care Setting”, Gorzynski et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#song-et-al-2022-2-section" id="toc-song-et-al-2022-2-section">“Rare Genetic Variants Correlate With Better Processing Speed”, Song et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#liu-et-al-2022-02-section" id="toc-liu-et-al-2022-02-section">“Rare Schizophrenia Risk Variant Burden Is Conserved in Diverse Human Populations”, Liu et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#maury-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-maury-et-al-2022-section">“Schizophrenia-Associated Somatic Copy Number Variants from 12,834 Cases Reveal Contribution to Risk and Recurrent, Isoform-Specific NRXN1 Disruptions”, Maury et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kingdom-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-kingdom-et-al-2022-section">“Rare Genetic Variants in Genes and Loci Linked to Dominant Monogenic Developmental Disorders Cause Milder Related Phenotypes in the General Population”, Kingdom et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#martin-gutierrez-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-martin-gutierrez-et-al-2022-section">“Dominant Cone Rod Dystrophy, Previously Assigned to a Missense Variant in RIMS1, Is Fully Explained by Co-Inheritance of a Dominant Allele of PROM1”, Martin-Gutierrez et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#rockweiler-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-rockweiler-et-al-2021-section">“The Origins and Functional Effects of Postzygotic Mutations throughout the Human Lifespan”, Rockweiler et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#zoghbi-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-zoghbi-et-al-2021-section">“High-Impact Rare Genetic Variants in Severe Schizophrenia”, Zoghbi et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#lichtenstein-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-lichtenstein-et-al-2021-section">“Familial Risk and Heritability of Intellectual Disability: a Population-Based Cohort Study in Sweden”, Lichtenstein et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#soylev-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-soylev-et-al-2021-section">“CONGA: Copy Number Variation Genotyping in Ancient Genomes and Low-Coverage Sequencing Data”, Soylev et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#barton-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-barton-et-al-2021-section">“A Spectrum of Recessiveness among Mendelian Disease Variants in UK Biobank”, Barton et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#arciero-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-arciero-et-al-2021-section">“Fine-Scale Population Structure and Demographic History of British Pakistanis”, Arciero et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#bannasch-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-bannasch-et-al-2021-section">“The Effect of Inbreeding, Body Size and Morphology on Health in Dog Breeds”, Bannasch et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wainberg-et-al-2021-2-section" id="toc-wainberg-et-al-2021-2-section">“Deletion of Loss-Of-Function-Intolerant Genes and Risk of 5 Psychiatric Disorders”, Wainberg et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#colbert-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-colbert-et-al-2021-section">“Exploring the Relationships between Autozygosity, Educational Attainment, and Cognitive Ability in a Contemporary, Trans-Ancestral American Sample”, Colbert et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#pirruccello-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-pirruccello-et-al-2021-section">“Deep Learning Enables Genetic Analysis of the Human Thoracic Aorta”, Pirruccello et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#s%C3%A1nchez-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-sánchez-et-al-2021-section">“Comparing Copy Number Variations in a Danish Case Cohort of Individuals With Psychiatric Disorders”, Sánchez et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#halldorsson-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-halldorsson-et-al-2021-section">“The Sequences of 150,119 Genomes in the UK Biobank”, Halldorsson et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#vali-pour-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-vali-pour-et-al-2021-section">“The Impact of Rare Germline Variants on Human Somatic Mutation Processes”, Vali-Pour et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#investigators-2021-section" id="toc-investigators-2021-section">“100,000 Genomes Pilot on Rare-Disease Diagnosis in Health Care—Preliminary Report”, Investigators 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hujoel-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-hujoel-et-al-2021-section">“Influences of Rare Copy Number Variation on Human Complex Traits”, Hujoel et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wightman-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-wightman-et-al-2021-section">“Rare Variant Aggregation in 148,508 Exomes Identifies Genes Associated With Proxy Alzheimer’s Disease”, Wightman et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#zhou-et-al-2021-1-section" id="toc-zhou-et-al-2021-1-section">“Integrating <em>de Novo</em> and Inherited Variants in over 42,607 Autism Cases Identifies Mutations in New Moderate Risk Genes”, Zhou et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#klei-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-klei-et-al-2021-section">“How Rare and Common Risk Variation Jointly Affect Liability for Autism Spectrum Disorder”, Klei et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#pounraja-girirajan-2021-section" id="toc-pounraja-girirajan-2021-section">“A General Framework for Identifying Rare Variant Combinations in Complex Disorders”, Pounraja & Girirajan 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#dukler-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-dukler-et-al-2021-section">“Extreme Purifying Selection against Point Mutations in the Human Genome”, Dukler et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#yoon-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-yoon-et-al-2021-section">“Rates of Contributory <em>de Novo</em> Mutation in High and Low-Risk Autism Families”, Yoon et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#burch-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-burch-et-al-2021-section">“Partitioning Gene-Level Contributions to Complex-Trait Heritability by Allele Frequency Identifies Disease-Relevant Genes”, Burch et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#rajagopal-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-rajagopal-et-al-2021-section">“Differences in the Genetic Architecture of Common and Rare Variants in Childhood, Persistent and Late-Diagnosed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, Rajagopal et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#warrier-et-al-2021-2-section" id="toc-warrier-et-al-2021-2-section">“Genetic Correlates of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Autism”, Warrier et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#akbari-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-akbari-et-al-2021-section">“Sequencing of 640,000 Exomes Identifies GPR75 Variants Associated With Protection from Obesity”, Akbari et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#yeo-orahilly-2021-section" id="toc-yeo-orahilly-2021-section">“Finding Genes That Control Body Weight: DNA Exome Sequencing at Scale Reveals Unknown Human Biology of Adiposity”, Yeo & O’Rahilly 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#yengo-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-yengo-et-al-2021-section">“Genomic Partitioning of Inbreeding Depression in Humans”, Yengo et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#halvorsen-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-halvorsen-et-al-2021-section">“Exome Sequencing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Reveals a Burden of Rare Damaging Coding Variants”, Halvorsen et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wainschtein-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-wainschtein-et-al-2021-section">“Recovery of Trait Heritability from Whole Genome Sequence Data”, Wainschtein et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#akingbuwa-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-akingbuwa-et-al-2021-section">“Ultra-Rare, Rare, and Common Genetic Variant Analysis Converge to Implicate Negative Selection and Neuronal Processes in the Aetiology of Schizophrenia”, Akingbuwa et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#yeager-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-yeager-et-al-2021-section">“Lack of Transgenerational Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure from the Chernobyl Accident”, Yeager et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#antaki-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-antaki-et-al-2021-section">“A Phenotypic Spectrum of Autism Is Attributable to the Combined Effects of Rare Variants, Polygenic Risk and Sex”, Antaki et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#wu-et-al-2021-01-section" id="toc-wu-et-al-2021-01-section">“Structural Variants in Chinese Population and Their Impact on Phenotypes, Diseases and Population Adaptation”, Wu et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#saarentaus-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-saarentaus-et-al-2021-section">“Polygenic Burden Has Broader Impact on Health, Cognition, and Socioeconomic Outcomes Than Most Rare and High-Risk Copy Number Variants”, Saarentaus et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#collins-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-collins-et-al-2021-section">“A Cross-Disorder Dosage Sensitivity Map of the Human Genome”, Collins et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#mukamel-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-mukamel-et-al-2021-section">“Protein-Coding Repeat Polymorphisms Strongly Shape Diverse Human Phenotypes”, Mukamel et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#rodin-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-rodin-et-al-2021-section">“The Landscape of Somatic Mutation in Cerebral Cortex of Autistic and Neurotypical Individuals Revealed by Ultra-Deep Whole-Genome Sequencing”, Rodin et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#sherman-et-al-2021b-section" id="toc-sherman-et-al-2021b-section">“Large Mosaic Copy Number Variations Confer Autism Risk”, Sherman et al 2021b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#peng-ehlers-2021-section" id="toc-peng-ehlers-2021-section">“Long Tracks of Homozygosity Predict the Severity of Alcohol Use Disorders in an American Indian Population”, Peng & Ehlers 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#backman-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-backman-et-al-2021-section">“Exome Sequencing and Analysis of 454,787 UK Biobank Participants”, Backman et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#beyter-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-beyter-et-al-2020-section">“Long Read Sequencing of 3,622 Icelanders Provides Insight into the Role of Structural Variants in Human Diseases and Other Traits”, Beyter et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#cameron-christie-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-cameron-christie-et-al-2020-section">“A Broad Exome Study of the Genetic Architecture of Asthma Reveals Novel Patient Subgroups”, Cameron-Christie et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#jurgens-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-jurgens-et-al-2020-section">“Rare Genetic Variation Underlying Human Diseases and Traits: Results from 200,000 Individuals in the UK Biobank”, Jurgens et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#surendran-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-surendran-et-al-2020-section">“Discovery of Rare Variants Associated With Blood Pressure Regulation through Meta-Analysis of 1.3 Million Individuals”, Surendran et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hout-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-hout-et-al-2020-section">“Exome Sequencing and Characterization of 49,960 Individuals in the UK Biobank”, Hout et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#shi-et-al-2020-1-section" id="toc-shi-et-al-2020-1-section">“Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait”, Shi et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#singh-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-singh-et-al-2020-section">“Exome Sequencing Identifies Rare Coding Variants in 10 Genes Which Confer Substantial Risk for Schizophrenia”, Singh et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#consortium-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-consortium-et-al-2020-section">“Mapping Genomic Loci Prioritises Genes and Implicates Synaptic Biology in Schizophrenia”, Consortium et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#douard-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-douard-et-al-2020-section">“Effect Sizes of Deletions and Duplications on Autism Risk Across the Genome”, Douard et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#lencz-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-lencz-et-al-2020-section">“Novel Ultra-Rare Exonic Variants Identified in a Founder Population Implicate Cadherins in Schizophrenia”, Lencz et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#tournebize-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-tournebize-et-al-2020-section">“Reconstructing the History of Founder Events Using Genome-Wide Patterns of Allele Sharing across Individuals”, Tournebize et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#barton-et-al-2020-1-section" id="toc-barton-et-al-2020-1-section">“Whole-Exome Imputation within UK Biobank Powers Rare Coding Variant Association and Fine-Mapping Analyses”, Barton et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#sin-chan-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-sin-chan-et-al-2020-section">“Exome-Wide Association Studies in General and Long-Lived Populations Identify Genetic Variants Related to Human Age”, Sin-Chan et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#richter-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-richter-et-al-2020-section">“Genomic Analyses Implicate Noncoding <em>de Novo</em> Variants in Congenital Heart Disease”, Richter et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kaseniit-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-kaseniit-et-al-2020-section">“Genetic Ancestry Analysis on >93,000 Individuals Undergoing Expanded Carrier Screening Reveals Limitations of Ethnicity-Based Medical Guidelines”, Kaseniit et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#liu-et-al-2020-1-section" id="toc-liu-et-al-2020-1-section">“The Burden of Rare Protein-Truncating Genetic Variants on Human Lifespan”, Liu et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#aguilera-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-aguilera-et-al-2020-section">“An Integrated Polygenic and Clinical Risk Tool Enhances Coronary Artery Disease Prediction”, Aguilera et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#gardner-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-gardner-et-al-2020-section">“Sex-Biased Reduction in Reproductive Success Drives Selective Constraint on Human Genes”, Gardner et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#taylor-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-taylor-et-al-2020-section">“Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Autistic Traits Over Time”, Taylor et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#huguet-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-huguet-et-al-2020-section">“Estimating the Effect-Size of Gene Dosage on Cognitive Ability across the Coding Genome”, Huguet et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hieber-2020-section" id="toc-hieber-2020-section">“Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression in Linebred Beef Cattle”, Hieber 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#ouwehand-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-ouwehand-et-al-2020-section">“Whole-Genome Sequencing of Rare Disease Patients in a National Healthcare System”, Ouwehand et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Figure 6: The Contributions of Ultra-Rare PTVs [Protein-Truncating Variants] to Schizophrenia Risk. A: Genetic Architecture of Schizophrenia. Statistically-Significant Genetic Associations for Schizophrenia from the Most Recent GWAS, CNV, and Sequencing Studies Are Displayed. The In-Sample Odds Ratio Is Plotted against the Minor Allele Frequency in the General Population. The Color of Each Dot Corresponds to the Source of the Association, and the Size of the Dot to the Odds Ratio. The Shaded Area Represented the LOESS-Smoothed Lines of the Upper and Lower Bounds of the Point Estimates…Because Schizophrenia As a Trait Is under Strong Selection<sup>38–40</sup>, We Expect That URVs of Large Effect to Be Frequently <em>de Novo</em> or of Very Recent Origin and Contribute to Risk in Only a Fraction of Diagnosed Patients.”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“Extended Data Figure 2: GWAS Progress over Time. The Relationship of GWAS Associations to Sample-Size Is Shown in This Plot With Selected SCZ GWAS Meta-Analyses of the past 11 Years. The X-Axis Shows Number of Cases. The Y-Axis Shows the Number of Independent Loci Discovered With at Least One Genome-Wide Statistically-Significant Index SNP in the Discovery Meta-Analysis (eg. without Replication Data)…The Slope of ~4 Newly Discovered Loci per 1,000 Cases 2013–2019 Increased to a Slope of ~6 With the Latest Sample-Size Increase.”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#khera-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-khera-et-al-2019-section">“Rare Genetic Variants Associated With Sudden Cardiac Death in Adults”, Khera et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#xing-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-xing-et-al-2019-section">“Mutant Neuropeptide S Receptor Reduces Sleep Duration With Preserved Memory Consolidation”, Xing et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#shindyapina-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-shindyapina-et-al-2019-section">“Germline Burden of Rare Damaging Variants Negatively Affects Human Healthspan and Lifespan”, Shindyapina et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#yengo-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-yengo-et-al-2019-section">“Extreme Inbreeding in a European Ancestry Sample from the Contemporary UK Population”, Yengo et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#bell-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-bell-et-al-2019-section">“Insights about Variation in Meiosis from 31,228 Human Sperm Genomes”, Bell et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#shaer-2019-1-section" id="toc-shaer-2019-1-section">“The Family That Feels Almost No Pain: An Italian Clan’s Curious Insensitivity to Pain Has Piqued the Interest of Geneticists Seeking a New Understanding of How to Treat Physical Suffering”, Shaer 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#baes-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-baes-et-al-2019-section">“<em>Symposium Review</em>: The Genomic Architecture of Inbreeding: How Homozygosity Affects Health and Performance”, Baes et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#bridavsky-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-bridavsky-et-al-2019-section">“Crowdfunded Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Celebrity Cat Lil BUB Identifies Causal Mutations for Her Osteopetrosis and Polydactyly”, Bridavsky et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#habib-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-habib-et-al-2019-section">“Microdeletion in a <em>FAAH</em> Pseudogene Identified in a Patient With High Anandamide Concentrations and Pain Insensitivity”, Habib et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#locke-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-locke-et-al-2019-section">“Exome Sequencing of Finnish Isolates Enhances Rare-Variant Association Power”, Locke et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#zhou-et-al-2019b-section" id="toc-zhou-et-al-2019b-section">“Whole-Genome Deep-Learning Analysis Identifies Contribution of Noncoding Mutations to Autism Risk”, Zhou et al 2019b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#zhang-et-al-2019-12-section" id="toc-zhang-et-al-2019-12-section">“The Genetic Basis of Inbreeding Depression in Potato”, Zhang et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#shi-et-al-2019b-section" id="toc-shi-et-al-2019b-section">“A Rare Mutation of Β1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors”, Shi et al 2019b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#aguirre-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-aguirre-et-al-2019-section">“Phenome-Wide Burden of Copy-Number Variation in the UK Biobank”, Aguirre et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#giannuzzi-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-giannuzzi-et-al-2019-section">“The Human-Specific BOLA2 Duplication Modifies Iron Homeostasis and Anemia Predisposition in Chromosome 16p11.2 Autism Individuals”, Giannuzzi et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#howrigan-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-howrigan-et-al-2018-section">“Schizophrenia Risk Conferred by Protein-Coding <em>de Novo</em> Mutations”, Howrigan et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#pfizer-2018-section" id="toc-pfizer-2018-section">“Pfizer Terminates Domagrozumab (PF-06252616) Clinical Studies for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy”, Pfizer 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#martin-brevet-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-martin-brevet-et-al-2018-section">“Quantifying the Effects of 16p11.2 Copy Number Variants on Brain Structure: A Multisite Genetic-First Study”, Martin-Brevet et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#golan-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-golan-et-al-2018-section">“LY2495655, an Antimyostatin Antibody, in Pancreatic Cancer: a Randomized, Phase 2 Trial”, Golan et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#niemi-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-niemi-et-al-2018-section">“Common Genetic Variants Contribute to Risk of Rare Severe Neurodevelopmental Disorders”, Niemi et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#zeevi-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-zeevi-et-al-2018-section">“Analysis of the Genetic Basis of Height in Large Jewish Nuclear Families”, Zeevi et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#donner-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-donner-et-al-2018-section">“Frequency and Distribution of 152 Genetic Disease Variants in over 100,000 Mixed Breed and Purebred Dogs”, Donner et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#johnson-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-johnson-et-al-2018-section">“Relationships between Estimated Autozygosity and Complex Traits in the UK Biobank”, Johnson et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kostyunina-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-kostyunina-et-al-2018-section">“Myostatin: 20 Years Later”, Kostyunina et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#werling-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-werling-et-al-2018-section">“An Analytical Framework for Whole-Genome Sequence Association Studies and Its Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder”, Werling et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#haer-wigman-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-haer-wigman-et-al-2018-section">“1 in 38 Individuals at Risk of a Dominant Medically Actionable Disease”, Haer-Wigman et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hart-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-hart-et-al-2018-section">“Secondary Findings from Clinical Genomic Sequencing: Prevalence, Patient Perspectives, Family History Assessment, and Health-Care Costs from a Multisite Study”, Hart et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#crawford-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-crawford-et-al-2018-section">“Medical Consequences of Pathogenic CNVs in Adults: Analysis of the UK Biobank”, Crawford et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#huguet-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-huguet-et-al-2018-section">“Measuring and Estimating the Effect Sizes of Copy Number Variants on General Intelligence in Community-Based Samples”, Huguet et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hernandez-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-hernandez-et-al-2017-section">“Singleton Variants Dominate the Genetic Architecture of Human Gene Expression”, Hernandez et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#mac%C3%A9-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-macé-et-al-2017-section">“CNV-Association Meta-Analysis in 191,161 European Adults Reveals New Loci Associated With Anthropometric Traits”, Macé et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#schoech-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-schoech-et-al-2017-section">“Quantification of Frequency-Dependent Genetic Architectures and Action of Negative Selection in 25 UK Biobank Traits”, Schoech et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#zabaneh-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-zabaneh-et-al-2017-section">“A Genome-Wide Association Study for Extremely High Intelligence”, Zabaneh et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#valberg-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-valberg-et-al-2017-section">“The Surprising Implications of Familial Association in Disease Risk”, Valberg et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#ganna-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-ganna-et-al-2017-section">“Quantifying the Impact of Rare and Ultra-Rare Coding Variation across the Phenotypic Spectrum”, Ganna et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hill-et-al-2017-3-section" id="toc-hill-et-al-2017-3-section">“Genomic Analysis of Family Data Reveals Additional Genetic Effects on Intelligence and Personality”, Hill et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#mcrae-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-mcrae-et-al-2017-section">“Prevalence and Architecture of <em>de Novo</em> Mutations in Developmental Disorders”, McRae et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#rogers-slatkin-2017-section" id="toc-rogers-slatkin-2017-section">“Excess of Genomic Defects in a Woolly Mammoth on Wrangel Island”, Rogers & Slatkin 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#j%C3%B3nsson-et-al-2017-section" id="toc-jónsson-et-al-2017-section">“Parental Influence on Human Germline <em>de Novo</em> Mutations in 1,548 Trios from Iceland”, Jónsson et al 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#stensrud-valberg-2017-section" id="toc-stensrud-valberg-2017-section">“Inequality in Genetic Cancer Risk Suggests Bad Genes rather than Bad Luck”, Stensrud & Valberg 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#weiner-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-weiner-et-al-2016-section">“Polygenic Transmission Disequilibrium Confirms That Common and Rare Variation Act Additively to Create Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders”, Weiner et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#surendran-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-surendran-et-al-2016-section">“Trans-Ancestry Meta-Analyses Identify Rare and Common Variants Associated With Blood Pressure and Hypertension”, Surendran et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#ghiossi-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-ghiossi-et-al-2016-section">“Clinical Utility of Expanded Carrier Screening: Reproductive Behaviors of At-Risk Couples”, Ghiossi et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#pedersen-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-pedersen-et-al-2016-section">“Extreme Distribution of Deleterious Variation in a Historically Small and Isolated Population—Insights from the Greenlandic Inuit”, Pedersen et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#bagnall-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-bagnall-et-al-2016-section">“A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults”, Bagnall et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kendall-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-kendall-et-al-2016-section">“Cognitive Performance Among Carriers of Pathogenic Copy Number Variants: Analysis of 152,000 UK Biobank Subjects”, Kendall et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#shirts-et-al-2016-section" id="toc-shirts-et-al-2016-section">“Family-Specific Variants and the Limits of Human Genetics”, Shirts et al 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“Whole-Genome Sequencing of Quartet Families With Autism Spectrum Disorder”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#martin-2015-section" id="toc-martin-2015-section">“The Relative Contribution of Common and Rare Genetic Variants to ADHD”, Martin 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#palkopoulou-et-al-2015-section" id="toc-palkopoulou-et-al-2015-section">“Complete Genomes Reveal Signatures of Demographic and Genetic Declines in the Woolly Mammoth”, Palkopoulou et al 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#joshi-et-al-2015-section" id="toc-joshi-et-al-2015-section">“Directional Dominance on Stature and Cognition in Diverse Human Populations”, Joshi et al 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#rubeis-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-rubeis-et-al-2014-section">“Synaptic, Transcriptional and Chromatin Genes Disrupted in Autism”, Rubeis et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#fareed-afzal-2014-section" id="toc-fareed-afzal-2014-section">“Estimating the Inbreeding Depression on Cognitive Behavior: A Population Based Study of Child Cohort”, Fareed & Afzal 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#pellegrino-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-pellegrino-et-al-2014-section">“A Novel BHLHE41 Variant Is Associated With Short Sleep and Resistance to Sleep Deprivation in Humans”, Pellegrino et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#gratten-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-gratten-et-al-2014-section">“Large-Scale Genomics Unveils the Genetic Architecture of Psychiatric Disorders”, Gratten et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#iossifov-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-iossifov-et-al-2014-section">“The Contribution of <em>de Novo</em> Coding Mutations to Autism Spectrum Disorder”, Iossifov et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#arslan-et-al-2013-section" id="toc-arslan-et-al-2013-section">“The Effect of Paternal Age on Offspring Intelligence and Personality When Controlling for Paternal Trait Level”, Arslan et al 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#fu-et-al-2013-section" id="toc-fu-et-al-2013-section">“Analysis of 6,515 Exomes Reveals the Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-Coding Variants”, Fu et al 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hsu-et-al-2013-section" id="toc-hsu-et-al-2013-section">“The Incidence of Leukemia, Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma among Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1950–2001”, Hsu et al 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#rauch-et-al-2012-section" id="toc-rauch-et-al-2012-section">“Range of Genetic Mutations Associated With Severe Non-Syndromic Sporadic Intellectual Disability: an Exome Sequencing Study”, Rauch et al 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#malhotra-sebat-2012-section" id="toc-malhotra-sebat-2012-section">“CNVs: Harbingers of a Rare Variant Revolution in Psychiatric Genetics”, Malhotra & Sebat 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#kuna-et-al-2012-section" id="toc-kuna-et-al-2012-section">“Heritability of Performance Deficit Accumulation during Acute Sleep Deprivation in Twins”, Kuna et al 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#chan-et-al-2011-section" id="toc-chan-et-al-2011-section">“Common Variants Show Predicted Polygenic Effects on Height in the Tails of the Distribution, Except in Extremely Short Individuals”, Chan et al 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#yeo-et-al-2010-section" id="toc-yeo-et-al-2010-section">“Rare Copy Number Deletions Predict Individual Variation in Intelligence”, Yeo et al 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#choquet-meyre-2010-section" id="toc-choquet-meyre-2010-section">“Genomic Insights into Early-Onset Obesity”, Choquet & Meyre 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#massie-et-al-2009-section" id="toc-massie-et-al-2009-section">“Population-Based Carrier Screening for Cystic Fibrosis in Victoria: The First 3 Years Experience”, Massie et al 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#parker-et-al-2009-1-section" id="toc-parker-et-al-2009-1-section">“An Expressed <em>fgf4</em> Retrogene Is Associated With Breed-Defining Chondrodysplasia in Domestic Dogs.”, Parker et al 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#he-et-al-2009-section" id="toc-he-et-al-2009-section">“The Transcriptional Repressor DEC2 Regulates Sleep Length in Mammals”, He et al 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#guo-et-al-2008-section" id="toc-guo-et-al-2008-section">“The VNTR 2 Repeat in MAOA and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Associations and MAOA Promoter Activity”, Guo et al 2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#mervis-becerra-2007-section" id="toc-mervis-becerra-2007-section">“Language and Communicative Development in Williams Syndrome”, Mervis & Becerra 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#sisodiya-et-al-2007-section" id="toc-sisodiya-et-al-2007-section">“Genetic Enhancement of Cognition in a Kindred With Cone-Rod Dystrophy due to RIMS1 Mutation”, Sisodiya et al 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#schenkein-montagna-2006-section" id="toc-schenkein-montagna-2006-section">“Self-Management of Fatal Familial Insomnia. Part 2: Case Report”, Schenkein & Montagna 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#schuelke-et-al-2004-section" id="toc-schuelke-et-al-2004-section">“Myostatin Mutation Associated With Gross Muscle Hypertrophy in a Child”, Schuelke et al 2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“Study of 250 Children With Idiopathic Mental Retardation Reveals 9 Cryptic and Diverse Subtelomeric Chromosome Anomalies”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#cunningham-marshall-1998-section" id="toc-cunningham-marshall-1998-section">“Influence of Five Years of Antenatal Screening on the Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Population in One Region”, Cunningham & Marshall 1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#hurst-et-al-1990-section" id="toc-hurst-et-al-1990-section">“An Extended Family With a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder”, Hurst et al 1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“Multiple Regression Analysis of Twin Data”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“Subtle Chromosomal Rearrangements in Children With Unexplained Mental Retardation”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Semi-Supercentenarians”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-8" id="toc-section-8">“Integration of Whole Genome Sequencing into a Healthcare Setting: High Diagnostic Rates across Multiple Clinical Entities in 3219 Rare Disease Patients Genome Medicine”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-9" id="toc-section-9">“Information Processing: Hints of Genomic Dark Matter: Rare Variants Contribute to Schizophrenia Risk”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-10" id="toc-section-10">“When Kim Goodsell Discovered That She Had Two Extremely Rare Genetic Diseases, She Taught Herself Genetics to Help Find out Why.”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-11" id="toc-section-11">“The Superhero Genes”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-12" id="toc-section-12">“Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-13" id="toc-section-13">“The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-14" id="toc-section-14">“Genetic Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorder”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-15" id="toc-section-15">“Fathers Bequeath More Mutations As They Age: Genome Study May Explain Links between Paternal Age and Conditions such as Autism”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-16" id="toc-section-16">“Monkeys Genetically Modified to Show Autism Symptoms: But It Is Unclear How Well the Results Match the Condition in Humans”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-17" id="toc-section-17">“A Genome-Wide Analysis of Putative Functional and Exonic Variation Associated With Extremely High Intelligence”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-18" id="toc-section-18">“How Bad Is Doping, Really?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-19" id="toc-section-19">“Fighting a One-Of-A-Kind Disease”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-20" id="toc-section-20">“A Gene That Makes You Need Less Sleep?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-21" id="toc-section-21">“Practice Doesn’t Make Perfect”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-22" id="toc-section-22">“Scientists Implicate More Than 100 Genes In Causing Autism”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-23" id="toc-section-23">“What’s Behind Many Mystery Ailments? Genetic Mutations, Study Finds”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-24" id="toc-section-24">“She Was Told She Had an Untreatable Disease. But Did She?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-25" id="toc-section-25">“The Woman Who Could Smell Parkinson’s”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-26" id="toc-section-26">“The DIY Scientist, the Olympian, and the Mutated Gene”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-27" id="toc-section-27">“Thinking Positively: The Genetics of High Intelligence”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-28" id="toc-section-28">“Autism: New Studies Identify Dozens More Associated Genes”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-29" id="toc-section-29">“Why Do Humans Still Have a Gene That Increases the Risk of Alzheimer’s?”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#section-30" id="toc-section-30">“One Couple’s Tireless Crusade to Stop a Genetic Killer”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#sort-by-magic" id="toc-sort-by-magic">Sort By Magic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#asthma-variants-sleep-regulation-cognitive-behavior-pain-insensitivity-gene-mutations" id="toc-asthma-variants-sleep-regulation-cognitive-behavior-pain-insensitivity-gene-mutations"><code>asthma-variants sleep-regulation cognitive-behavior pain-insensitivity gene-mutations</code></a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#de-novo-variants" id="toc-de-novo-variants"><code>de-novo-variants</code></a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#genetic-phenotypes-rare-variants-cognitive-ability-dosage-sensitivity-neurodevelopmental-disorders-intelligence" id="toc-genetic-phenotypes-rare-variants-cognitive-ability-dosage-sensitivity-neurodevelopmental-disorders-intelligence"><code>genetic-phenotypes rare-variants cognitive-ability dosage-sensitivity neurodevelopmental-disorders intelligence</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/iq/high/index
‘high IQ’ tag
2020-04-19
2024-11-24
iq/low
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="798" width="1700" src="/doc/iq/high/2024-gignac-figure1-scatterplotsofiqvsconscientiousnessvsneurotismextremesillustratingrarenessofoutliers.jpg" title="" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>iq/high</code>, most recent first: 6 <a href="/doc/iq/high/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 62 <a href="/doc/iq/high/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 15 <a href="/doc/iq/high/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/iq/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#gwern-note-statistic-section" id="toc-gwern-note-statistic-section">“Statistical Notes”, Gwern 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#gwern-embryo-selection-section" id="toc-gwern-embryo-selection-section">“Embryo Selection For Intelligence”, Gwern 2016</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#gignac-2025-section" id="toc-gignac-2025-section">“The Number of ‘Exceptional’ People: Fewer Than 85 per 1 Million across Key Traits”, Gignac 2025</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#sun-et-al-2024b-section" id="toc-sun-et-al-2024b-section">“Sleep Problems and Duration in School-Aged Children at Different Levels of Giftedness”, Sun et al 2024b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#zhou-et-al-2024-1-section" id="toc-zhou-et-al-2024-1-section">“Examining the Existence of Cognitive Thresholds in Highly Quantitative College Courses”, Zhou et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#feynman-2024-section" id="toc-feynman-2024-section">carl_feynman @ “2024-02-17”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#hastings-2024-section" id="toc-hastings-2024-section">“What Good Is <em>g</em>-Factor If You’re Dumped in the Woods? A Field Report from a Camp Counselor”, Hastings 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#maker-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-maker-et-al-2023-section">“Profiles of Exceptionally Talented Students in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): An Exploration Using Q Factor Analysis”, Maker et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#tourreix-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-tourreix-et-al-2023-section">“Non-Cognitive Specificities of Intellectually Gifted Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of the Literature”, Tourreix et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#williams-et-al-2022-1-section" id="toc-williams-et-al-2022-1-section">“High Intelligence Is Not Associated With a Greater Propensity for Mental Health Disorders”, Williams et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#barrow-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-barrow-et-al-2020-section">“Increasing Access to Selective High Schools through Place-Based Affirmative Action: Unintended Consequences”, Barrow et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#bergold-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-bergold-et-al-2020-section">“Similarities and Differences Between Intellectually Gifted and Average-Ability Students in School Performance, Motivation, and Subjective Well-Being”, Bergold et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#simonton-2020-section" id="toc-simonton-2020-section">“Galton, Terman, Cox: The Distinctive Volume II in <em>Genetic Studies of Genius</em>”, Simonton 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#brown-et-al-2020b-section" id="toc-brown-et-al-2020b-section">“Can You Ever Be Too Smart for Your Own Good? Linear and Nonlinear Effects of Cognitive Ability”, Brown et al 2020b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#warne-et-al-2019-section" id="toc-warne-et-al-2019-section">“Low Base Rates Prevented Terman from Identifying Future Nobelists”, Warne et al 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#houng-2018-section" id="toc-houng-2018-section">“Achievement Gains from Attendance at Selective High Schools”, Houng 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#guez-et-al-2018-2-section" id="toc-guez-et-al-2018-2-section">“Are High-IQ Students More at Risk of School Failure?”, Guez et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#kell-wai-2018-section" id="toc-kell-wai-2018-section">“SAGE Encyclopedia: Terman Study of the Gifted”, Kell & Wai 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#tervonen-et-al-2018-section" id="toc-tervonen-et-al-2018-section">“Effects of Elite High Schools on University Enrolment and Field of Study Choice”, Tervonen et al 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#warne-2018b-section" id="toc-warne-2018b-section">“An Evaluation (and Vindication?) of Lewis Terman: What the Father of Gifted Education Can Teach the 21<sup>st</sup> Century”, Warne 2018b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#zen-2016-section" id="toc-zen-2016-section">“The Impact of Selective High Schools on Student Achievement: Evidence from New South Wales, Australia”, Zen 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#dicke-roth-2016-section" id="toc-dicke-roth-2016-section">“Neuronal Factors Determining High Intelligence”, Dicke & Roth 2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#hofman-2015-section" id="toc-hofman-2015-section">“Evolution of the Human Brain: From Matter to Mind”, Hofman 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#hsu-2014-section" id="toc-hsu-2014-section">“On the Genetic Architecture of Intelligence and Other Quantitative Traits”, Hsu 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#bui-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-bui-et-al-2014-section">“Is Gifted Education a Bright Idea? Assessing the Impact of Gifted and Talented Programs on Students”, Bui et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#dobbie-junior-2014-section" id="toc-dobbie-junior-2014-section">“The Impact of Attending a School With High-Achieving Peers: Evidence from the New York City Exam Schools”, Dobbie & Junior 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#plomin-et-al-2014-section" id="toc-plomin-et-al-2014-section">“Nature, Nurture, and Expertise”, Plomin et al 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#wai-2013-section" id="toc-wai-2013-section">“Investigating America’s Elite: Cognitive Ability, Education, and Sex Differences”, Wai 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#ruthsatz-urbach-2012-section" id="toc-ruthsatz-urbach-2012-section">“Child Prodigy: A Novel Cognitive Profile Places Elevated General Intelligence, Exceptional Working Memory and Attention to Detail at the Root of Prodigiousness”, Ruthsatz & Urbach 2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section" id="toc-section">“Rethinking Giftedness and Gifted Education: A Proposed Direction Forward Based on Psychological Science”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#moul-nye-2011-section" id="toc-moul-nye-2011-section">“Money Isn’t Everything: Linking College Choice to Winning Prizes and Professorships”, Moul & Nye 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#subotnik-rickoff-2010-section" id="toc-subotnik-rickoff-2010-section">“Should Eminence Based on Outstanding Innovation Be the Goal of Gifted Education and Talent Development? Implications for Policy and Research”, Subotnik & Rickoff 2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#martin-et-al-2009-section" id="toc-martin-et-al-2009-section">“Mental Disorders Among Gifted and Non-Gifted Youth: A Selected Review of the Epidemiologic Literature”, Martin et al 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#grabner-et-al-2006-section" id="toc-grabner-et-al-2006-section">“Superior Performance and Neural Efficiency: The Impact of Intelligence and Expertise”, Grabner et al 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#rogers-1999-section" id="toc-rogers-1999-section">“The Lifelong Productivity of the Female Researchers in Terman’s Genetic Studies of Genius Longitudinal Study”, Rogers 1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#shurkin-1992-section" id="toc-shurkin-1992-section">“Terman’s Kids: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up”, Shurkin 1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#lykken-et-al-1992-page-8-section" id="toc-lykken-et-al-1992-page-8-section">“Emergenesis: Genetic Traits That May Not Run in Families § Genius”, Lykken et al 1992 (page 8)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#simonton-1987-section" id="toc-simonton-1987-section">“Developmental Antecedents of Achieved Eminence”, Simonton 1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#walberg-et-al-1978-section" id="toc-walberg-et-al-1978-section">“IQ Correlates With High Eminence”, Walberg et al 1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#keating-1975b-section" id="toc-keating-1975b-section">“Possible Sampling Bias in Genetic Studies of Genius”, Keating 1975b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#seagoe-et-al-1975-section" id="toc-seagoe-et-al-1975-section">“Terman and the Gifted”, Seagoe et al 1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#halmos-1973-section" id="toc-halmos-1973-section">“The Legend of John Von Neumann”, Halmos 1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#klonoff-1972-section" id="toc-klonoff-1972-section">“IQ Constancy and Age”, Klonoff 1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#albert-1971-section" id="toc-albert-1971-section">“Cognitive Development and Parental Loss among the Gifted, the Exceptionally Gifted and the Creative”, Albert 1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#weyl-1970-section" id="toc-weyl-1970-section">“The Potential Role of the Gifted in Underdeveloped Countries”, Weyl 1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#oden-1968-section" id="toc-oden-1968-section">“The Fulfillment of Promise: 40-Year Follow-Up of the Terman Gifted Group”, Oden 1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#mccurdy-1957-section" id="toc-mccurdy-1957-section">“The Childhood Pattern Of Genius”, McCurdy 1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#terman-et-al-1947-section" id="toc-terman-et-al-1947-section">“The Gifted Child Grows Up: 20-Five Years’ Follow-Up of a Superior Group [Genetic Studies of Genius #4]”, Terman et al 1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#terman-1947-section" id="toc-terman-1947-section">“Psychological Approaches To The Study Of Genius”, Terman 1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#thorndike-et-al-1940b-section" id="toc-thorndike-et-al-1940b-section">“Retest Changes in the Iq in Certain Superior Schools”, Thorndike et al 1940b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#byrns-1936-section" id="toc-byrns-1936-section">“Intelligence and Nationality of Wisconsin School Children”, Byrns 1936</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#miles-wolfe-1936-section" id="toc-miles-wolfe-1936-section">“Childhood Physical and Mental Health Records of Historical Geniuses”, Miles & Wolfe 1936</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#white-1931-section" id="toc-white-1931-section">“The Versatility of Genius”, White 1931</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Creativity and Ability Pattern”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“One In A Thousand: A Comparative Study of Highly and Moderately Gifted Elementary School Children”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“These 25 Schools Are Responsible for the Greatest Advances in Science”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“What Happened to the Participants of the Math Olympiad 1971? A Multiple-Case Study Concerning the Occupational Success of the Winning Team from Hungary, Math Olympiad–Occupational Success”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“A Genome-Wide Analysis of Putative Functional and Exonic Variation Associated With Extremely High Intelligence”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“Where Nobel Winners Get Their Start: Undergraduates from Small, Elite Institutions Have the Best Chance of Winning a Nobel Prize”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“Diversity Debate Convulses Elite High School”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#aRJLKzJn-section" id="toc-aRJLKzJn-section">“The Flynn Effect Puzzle: A 30-Year Examination from the Right Tail of the Ability Distribution Provides Some Missing Pieces”, Wai & Putallaz 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-8" id="toc-section-8">“Could Brain Imaging Replace the SAT? Scanning the next Einstein’s Brain”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-9" id="toc-section-9">“Why Brilliant Girls Tend to Favor Non-STEM Careers”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#section-10" id="toc-section-10">“High Intelligence: A Risk Factor for Psychological and Physiological Overexcitabilities”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/high/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/iq/low/index
‘low IQ’ tag
2020-05-28
2024-11-25
genetics/heritable/rare iodine iq/high psychiatry/autism psychology/neuroscience/memory/savant
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline" height="1169" width="1770" src="/doc/iq/ses/2022-mcgue-figure4-cotwinestimateofsmallcausaleffectsofcollegedegree.jpg" title="Figure 4: Standardized mean difference (95% CI) between College and Non-College samples in the MTFS for 4 social outcomes. Total gives mean difference adjusted only for the demographic factors of Age, Sex, Ethnicity and Birth Year. Base is the marginal estimate (ie. averaged across General Cognitive Ability groups), and so further adjusts for GCA. Adjusted gives the fully adjusted estimate from the model that also included the Personality and Family SES composites and the PGS as covariates. W/i MZ gives the mean difference within monozygotic twin pairs discordant for college completion." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>iq/low</code>, most recent first: 5 <a href="/doc/iq/low/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 22 <a href="/doc/iq/low/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 7 <a href="/doc/iq/low/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/iq/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#gwern-note-competence-section" id="toc-gwern-note-competence-section">“Ordinary Incompetence”, Gwern 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#gwern-review-mcnamara-section" id="toc-gwern-review-mcnamara-section">“<em>McNamara’s Folly</em>: The Denial of Individual Differences”, Gwern 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#gwern-note-lizardman-section" id="toc-gwern-note-lizardman-section">“Lizardman Constant in Surveys”, Gwern 2013</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#samocha-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-samocha-et-al-2024-section">“Substantial Role of Rare Inherited Variation in Individuals With Developmental Disorders”, Samocha et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section" id="toc-section">“Examining the Role of Common Variants in Rare Neurodevelopmental Conditions”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#mcgue-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-mcgue-et-al-2022-section">“Not by <em>g</em> Alone: The Benefits of a College Education among Individuals With Low Levels of General Cognitive Ability”, McGue et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#weiser-et-al-2021-section" id="toc-weiser-et-al-2021-section">“Familial Clustering of Psychiatric Disorders and Low IQ”, Weiser et al 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#selentelechia-2020-section" id="toc-selentelechia-2020-section">“I’m Rereading <em>McNamara’s Folly</em> After a Few Years. Coming at It With a Slightly More Complicated Perspective on IQ and Cognitive Capacity Than I Used to Have.”, Selentelechia 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#douard-et-al-2020-section" id="toc-douard-et-al-2020-section">“Effect Sizes of Deletions and Duplications on Autism Risk Across the Genome”, Douard et al 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#fareed-afzal-2014-section" id="toc-fareed-afzal-2014-section">“Estimating the Inbreeding Depression on Cognitive Behavior: A Population Based Study of Child Cohort”, Fareed & Afzal 2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#lehmer-et-al-2011-section" id="toc-lehmer-et-al-2011-section">“Plastic Bag Clip Discovered in Partial Colectomy Accompanying Proposal for Phylogenic Plastic Bag Clip Classification”, Lehmer et al 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#devlin-et-al-2003-section" id="toc-devlin-et-al-2003-section">“Clinical Outcomes of Hemispherectomy for Epilepsy in Childhood and Adolescence”, Devlin et al 2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#davis-2002-page-23-section" id="toc-davis-2002-page-23-section">“True Porn Clerk Stories § Pg23”, Davis 2002 (page 23)</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“Study of 250 Children With Idiopathic Mental Retardation Reveals 9 Cryptic and Diverse Subtelomeric Chromosome Anomalies”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#gottfredson-1997-section" id="toc-gottfredson-1997-section">“Why <em>g</em> Matters: The Complexity of Everyday Life”, Gottfredson 1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#rymer-1992-section" id="toc-rymer-1992-section">“A Silent Childhood”, Rymer 1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“Multiple Regression Analysis of Twin Data”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#rutter-1972-1-section" id="toc-rutter-1972-1-section">“Maternal Deprivation Reconsidered”, Rutter 1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#terman-1922-section" id="toc-terman-1922-section">“Adventures in Stupidity: A Partial Analysis of the Intellectual Inferiority of a College Student”, Terman 1922</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-3" id="toc-section-3">“Subtle Chromosomal Rearrangements in Children With Unexplained Mental Retardation”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-4" id="toc-section-4">“One Question, Two Answers, Three Interpretations”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-5" id="toc-section-5">“Why Dumb Recruits Cost the Army, Big-Time.”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-6" id="toc-section-6">“Beyond Reason: The Death Penalty and Offenders With Mental Retardation: II. Mental Retardation: An Overview”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-7" id="toc-section-7">“10 U.S. Code § 520—Limitation on Enlistment and Induction of Persons Whose Score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test Is below a Prescribed Level”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#section-8" id="toc-section-8">“Determinants of Productivity for Military Personnel: A Review of Findings on the Contribution of Experience, Training, and Aptitude to Military Performance”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/iq/low/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/ai/highleyman/index
‘Highleyman’s AI’ tag
2019-08-28
2024-06-30
ai/scaling ai/tabular
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>ai/highleyman</code>, most recent first: 1 <a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tag</a>, 13 <a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 2 <a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/ai/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#hardt-recht-2021-section" id="toc-hardt-recht-2021-section">“The Saga of Highleyman 1961’s Data”, Hardt & Recht 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#chervonenkis-2015-section" id="toc-chervonenkis-2015-section">“Chervonenkis’s Recollections”, Chervonenkis 2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#munson-et-al-1968-section" id="toc-munson-et-al-1968-section">“Experiments With Highleyman’s Data”, Munson et al 1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#chow-1962-section" id="toc-chow-1962-section">“A Recognition Method Using Neighbor Dependence”, Chow 1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#highleyman-1962-section" id="toc-highleyman-1962-section">“Linear Decision Functions, With Application to Pattern Recognition”, Highleyman 1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#highleyman-1961-section" id="toc-highleyman-1961-section">“An Analog Method for Character Recognition”, Highleyman 1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#highleyman-1961d-section" id="toc-highleyman-1961d-section">“Linear Decision Functions, With Application to Pattern Recognition [PhD Thesis]”, Highleyman 1961d</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#bledsoe-1961-section" id="toc-bledsoe-1961-section">“Further Results on the <em>n</em>–tuple Pattern Recognition Method”, Bledsoe 1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#highleyman-1961b-section" id="toc-highleyman-1961b-section">“Further Comments on the N-Tuple Pattern Recognition Method”, Highleyman 1961b</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#uhr-1961-section" id="toc-uhr-1961-section">“A Possibly Misleading Conclusion As to the Inferiority of One Method for Pattern Recognition to a Second Method to Which It Is Guaranteed to Be Superior”, Uhr 1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#neisser-weene-1960-section" id="toc-neisser-weene-1960-section">“A Note on Human Recognition of Hand-Printed Characters”, Neisser & Weene 1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#highleyman-1959c-section" id="toc-highleyman-1959c-section">“Character Recognition System [Patent #US2978675A]”, Highleyman 1959c</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#chow-1957-section" id="toc-chow-1957-section">“An Optimum Character Recognition System Using Decision Functions”, Chow 1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/highleyman/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/utext#html-utext
Utext: Rich Unicode Documents § HTML Utext
Gwern
2023-10-08
2024-04-24
cs/css
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>An esoteric document proposal: abuse Unicode to create the fanciest possible ‘plain text’ documents.</p>
</div>
<p>How can we make Utext useful for websites?</p>
<p>By adding in the single missing ingredient of hypertext: <em>active, clickable links</em>.</p>
<p>And we can do that by defining a HTML wrapper which permits only literal text displays (in <code><pre></code> tags), <code><a></code> HTML hyperlinks, and the minimal amount of CSS to render this pleasingly on desktop/mobile.</p>
<p>This <strong>HTML Utext</strong> gives us a highly-esoteric textfiles-style format which nevertheless could work for a website.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/utext#background" id="toc-background">Background</a></li>
<li><a href="/utext#unicode" id="toc-unicode">Unicode</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/utext#rich-unicode" id="toc-rich-unicode">Rich Unicode</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/utext#advanced-utext" id="toc-advanced-utext">Advanced Utext</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/utext#utext-markup" id="toc-utext-markup">Utext Markup</a></li>
<li><a href="/utext#text-source-storage" id="toc-text-source-storage">Text + Source Storage</a></li>
<li><a href="/utext#utext-format" id="toc-utext-format">Utext Format</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/utext#html-utext" title="‘Utext: Rich Unicode Documents § HTML Utext’, Gwern 2023" id="toc-html-utext">HTML Utext</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/utext#hypertext" id="toc-hypertext">Hypertext?</a></li>
<li><a href="/utext#pre" id="toc-pre"><code><pre></code></a></li>
<li><a href="/utext#styling" id="toc-styling">Styling</a></li>
<li><a href="/utext#css" id="toc-css">CSS</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/utext#external-links" id="toc-external-links">External Links</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/history/medici/index
‘the Medici’ tag
2022-10-04
2024-01-01
economics
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>history/medici</code>, most recent first: 5 <a href="/doc/history/medici/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a> & 2 <a href="/doc/history/medici/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/history/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#piano-hardy-2022-section" id="toc-piano-hardy-2022-section">“Rent Seeking and the Decline of the Florentine School”, Piano & Hardy 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#section" id="toc-section">“The Medici Bank and the World of Florentine Capitalism”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#rubinstein-1968-section" id="toc-rubinstein-1968-section">“Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence”, Rubinstein 1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#section-1" id="toc-section-1">“The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#section-2" id="toc-section-2">“The Medici Bank”</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#titled-links-wikipedia" id="toc-titled-links-wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/history/medici/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index
‘Whisper NN’ tag
2022-05-26
2024-11-12
ai/nn/transformer/gpt/4
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline" height="1289" width="1700" src="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/2022-radford-figure1-overviewofwhispertransformerarchitecture.png" title="" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper</code>, most recent first: 11 <a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a> & 19 <a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#links" id="toc-links">Links</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#metz-et-al-2024-1-section" id="toc-metz-et-al-2024-1-section">“How Tech Giants Cut Corners to Harvest Data for AI: OpenAI, Google and Meta Ignored Corporate Policies, Altered Their Own Rules and Discussed Skirting Copyright Law As They Sought Online Information to Train Their Newest Artificial Intelligence Systems”, Metz et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#koenecke-et-al-2024-section" id="toc-koenecke-et-al-2024-section">“Careless Whisper: Speech-To-Text Hallucination Harms”, Koenecke et al 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#gandhi-et-al-2023-1-section" id="toc-gandhi-et-al-2023-1-section">“Distil-Whisper: Robust Knowledge Distillation via Large-Scale Pseudo Labelling”, Gandhi et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#gong-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-gong-et-al-2023-section">“Whisper-AT: Noise-Robust Automatic Speech Recognizers Are Also Strong General Audio Event Taggers”, Gong et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#victor-2023-2-section" id="toc-victor-2023-2-section">“Why YouTube Could Give Google an Edge in AI”, Victor 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#bain-et-al-2023-section" id="toc-bain-et-al-2023-section">“WhisperX: Time-Accurate Speech Transcription of Long-Form Audio”, Bain et al 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#radford-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-radford-et-al-2022-section">“Whisper: Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision”, Radford et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#gandhi-et-al-2022-section" id="toc-gandhi-et-al-2022-section">“ESB: A Benchmark For Multi-Domain End-To-End Speech Recognition”, Gandhi et al 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#hannun-2021-2-section" id="toc-hannun-2021-2-section">“The History of Speech Recognition to the Year 2030”, Hannun 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#hannun-2021-1-section" id="toc-hannun-2021-1-section">“The History of Speech Recognition to the Year 2030”, Hannun 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#chan-et-al-2021-2-section" id="toc-chan-et-al-2021-2-section">“SpeechStew: Simply Mix All Available Speech Recognition Data to Train One Large Neural Network”, Chan et al 2021</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#miscellaneous" id="toc-miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/ai/nn/transformer/gpt/whisper/index#link-bibliography-section" id="toc-link-bibliography-section">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/invertornot
InvertOrNot.com Proposal
Gwern
2021-03-21
2024-03-25
ai/nn/cnn cs/css
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline-not" height="1129" width="1600" src="/doc/cs/css/1882-bassano-photographofqueenvictoriawithinversion.png" title="Example of the bad effects of inverting an image which contains contents like humans; they look completely unrecognizable and monstrous. Case in point: the famous 1882 Brassano photograph portrait of Queen Victoria looks calm and normal, but when inverted mistakenly, she looks furious—she is not amused!" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Description of a useful service for web development: a website which wraps a neural network trained to classify images by whether they would look better inverted in a website/app dark-mode, or faded.</p>
</div>
<p><del>A useful web service which does not exist as of 2023-10-16 is an API which analyzes a photograph and reports if it would look bad when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)" class="id-not link-live" data-link-icon="wikipedia" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-url-html="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)#bodyContent" title="Negative (photography)">inverted/negated</a>. This would be useful for website dark-modes: inversion makes many images (like diagrams) look good in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" class="link-annotated-partial link-live" data-link-icon="wikipedia" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-url-html="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme#bodyContent" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">dark mode</a>, but makes other images (photographs, especially of people) hideous to the point of illegibility. There is no simple reliable heuristic for choosing to invert an image, so most website designers settle for the safe but inferior option of fading out images.</del></p>
<p><del>However, it is almost certain that a neural network like <a href="https://openai.com/index/clip/" title="‘CLIP: Connecting Text and Images: We’re introducing a neural network called CLIP which efficiently learns visual concepts from natural language supervision. CLIP can be applied to any visual classification benchmark by simply providing the names of the visual categories to be recognized, similar to the ‘zero-shot’ capabilities of GPT-2 and GPT-3’, Radford et al 2021">CLIP</a>, or perhaps even simpler classic machine vision approaches, could detect with ~100% reliability if an image would look bad when inverted.</del></p>
<p><del>These would be a bit heavyweight to run in-browser, so an API would be ideal: this could both be run in-browser live, and as a development tool for cached local labels. With server-side caching, a demonstration API could potentially handle millions of requests per day and be run on a minimal budget.</del></p>
<p>Implemented by <a href="/doc/www/invertornot.com/7751665b195e05c4e96116e208dcc278bd63b1fe.html" id="6WwP0dq_" class="link-live link-annotated-partial" data-url-archive="/doc/www/invertornot.com/7751665b195e05c4e96116e208dcc278bd63b1fe.html" data-url-original="https://invertornot.com/">InvertOrNot.com</a> as of 25 March 2024.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/invertornot#inverting-or-fading" id="toc-inverting-or-fading">Inverting or Fading?</a></li>
<li><a href="/invertornot#choosing-strategies" id="toc-choosing-strategies">Choosing Strategies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/invertornot#color-heuristic" id="toc-color-heuristic">Color Heuristic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/invertornot#incompleteness" id="toc-incompleteness">Incompleteness</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="/invertornot#machine-learning" id="toc-machine-learning">Machine Learning</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/invertornot#invertornot-com" id="toc-invertornot-com">InvertOrNot.com</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/invertornot#api" id="toc-api">API</a></li>
<li><a href="/invertornot#performance-scaling" id="toc-performance-scaling">Performance Scaling</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/free-play
Free-Play Periods for RL Agents
Gwern
2023-05-07
2023-05-09
ai/nn/transformer/gpt/inner-monologue reinforcement-learning/exploration reinforcement-learning/meta-learning reinforcement-learning/robot
<div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Proposal for incentivizing meta-learning of exploration in deep reinforcement learning: domain randomization with reward-shaping, where there is a fixed-length ‘play time’ with no rewards/losses at the beginning of each episode.</p>
</div>
<p>In standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" class="link-annotated-partial link-live" data-link-icon="wikipedia" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-url-html="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning#bodyContent" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a>, agents learn to be maximally exploitative at the beginning of each episode, as they assume the rules are the same. In meta-learning oriented approaches, each episode have different rules, even explicitly randomized by a simulator; with enough scale, agents learn to observe their actions and adapt on the fly.</p>
<p>However, they still are penalized for any mistakes <em>while</em> adapting, because they continue to receive reward/loss as usual. Presumably, this means that they must be conservative in what exploratory actions they may take early on, and may not do any explicit exploration at all. This seems unduly harsh because in many problems, it is realistic to have some initial consequence-free period where an agent can take a series of exploratory actions to infer what sort of environment it is in, before the task begins ‘for real’. For example, in real world robotics, robots never start <em>immediately</em> earning rewards, but there is always some sort of bootup phase where they wait for tasks to start, which they could be using productively to self-test. But this sort of ‘sandbox’ period is never provided in meta-learning setups (except inadvertently).</p>
<p>I propose a simple <strong>free-play</strong> modification to domain randomization: every episode begins with a fixed-length “free-play” reward-shaped period where agents may take actions but all rewards are set to 0. After that period, the episode continues as usual. (This can be implemented simply by post-processing each episode’s data, and requires no other modifications whatsoever to existing DRL algorithms.) Since there is no possibility of greedily earning (or losing) reward during free-play, agents are incentivized to meta-learn optimal exploration of the meta-environment, to maximize information gain, before the dangerous part of the episode begins.</p>
<p>Free-play meta-training would lead to agents which ‘train themselves’ during the free-play period; for example, you would boot up a robot in a warehouse, and it would shake itself and wiggle around for a few minutes, and after that, the neural net now ‘knows’ all about how to operate that exact arm.</p>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/free-play#risk-aversion" id="toc-risk-aversion">Risk Aversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/free-play#inducing-exploration" id="toc-inducing-exploration">Inducing Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/free-play#free-play" id="toc-free-play">Free-Play</a></li>
<li><a href="/free-play#limits" id="toc-limits">Limits</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/free-play#risk-vs-exploration" id="toc-risk-vs-exploration">Risk vs Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/free-play#deep-exploration" id="toc-deep-exploration">Deep Exploration</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
---
/review/quantum-thief
Review Of <em>The Quantum Thief</em> Trilogy
Gwern
2022-08-31
2024-03-13
fiction/science-fiction philosophy/mind
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-not outline-not" height="938" width="1024" src="/doc/fiction/science-fiction/2024-03-13-gwern-midjourneyv6-arsenelupin-synthwave.jpg" title="Contemporary French synthwave illustration of a gentleman jewel-thief in a futuristic space prison, dueling with mirrors of himself. Inspired by Hannu Rajaniemi’s <em>Quantum Thief</em> trilogy. The cool James Bond/synthwave/neon French theme is a nod to the Arsène Lupin inspiration & the far future setting of the trilogy. (Generated by Gwern Branwen using Midjourneyv6 in March 2024.)" alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Explanation of the emotional core of <em>The Quantum Thief</em>’s exploration of the trap of persistent personal identity and seeking freedom.</p>
</div>
<p>Review of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Quantum-Thief-Jean-Flambeur/dp/0765367661" id="MWQZ7Wyt" data-link-icon="amazon" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-link-icon-color="#ffce53" data-url-html="https://www.amazon.com/Quantum-Thief-Jean-Flambeur/dp/0765367661?tag=gwernnet-20"><em>The Quantum Thief</em></a> trilogy by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannu_Rajaniemi" class="link-annotated-partial link-live" data-link-icon="wikipedia" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-url-html="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannu_Rajaniemi#bodyContent" title="Hannu Rajaniemi">Hannu Rajaniemi</a> 2014 (★★★★★): uncompromising hard-SF space-opera—so uncompromising and <em>in media res</em> that most readers missed the point of its exploration of transhumanist themes of personal identity and radical freedom from constraints, even the constraints of the physical universe.</p>
<p>The <em>Quantum Thief</em> trilogy follows an amnesiac gentleman jewel-thief as he seeks to escape prison and becomes embroiled in a multi-way war between the competing powers of a far future Solar System, where the goal is the left-overs from a past <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" class="link-annotated-partial link-live" data-link-icon="wikipedia" data-link-icon-type="svg" data-url-html="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity#bodyContent" title="Technological singularity">Singularity</a> which grant the victor the power to rewrite the laws of physics.</p>
<p>But underneath all of the wonderfully speculative SF ideas and cutting-edge science—so cutting-edge that many readers mistake the science for the fiction—for our protagonist, the real goal is an escape from his immortality: the burden of too many heists, too many witty quips, too many centuries of <em>being forced to be himself</em> rather than becoming someone else (which is the only way to maintain a persistent identity in a world where minds are trivially copied & modified).</p>
<p>As the Solar System collapses and reality is rewritten, our hero pulls off the greatest escape act ever, escaping our universe; for, as every transhumanist believes at heart when they look at our all-too-flawed world, if you are clever and hard-working and lucky enough, sooner or later… there is always a way out.</p>
---
/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index
‘anxiety’ tag
2019-11-07
2024-10-23
co2 psychiatry/alcoholism
<figure><img class="float-right page-thumbnail invert-auto outline" height="1105" width="1700" src="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/2023-asgarizadeh-figure2-fittedstructuralequationmodelofanxietyandclimatechangefears.jpg" title="Figure 2: The structural equation model." alt="" /></figure><div class="page-description-annotation">
<p>Bibliography for tag <code>psychiatry/anxiety</code>, most recent first: 16 <a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#see-alsos" class="icon-not">related tags</a>, 147 <a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#links" class="icon-not">annotations</a>, & 41 <a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#miscellaneous" class="icon-not">links</a> (<a href="/doc/psychiatry/index" class="link-page link-tag directory-indexes-upwards link-annotated" data-link-icon="arrow-up-left" data-link-icon-type="svg" rel="tag" title="Link to parent directory">parent</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="columns TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#see-also" id="toc-see-also">See Also</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#gwern" id="toc-gwern">Gwern</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#gwern-book-writing-section" id="toc-gwern-book-writing-section">“Why To Not Write A Book”, Gwern 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#gwern-review-cat-section" id="toc-gwern-review-cat-section">“Cat Psychology & Domestication: Are We Good Owners?”, Gwern 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/psychiatry/anxiety/index#gwern-fiction-batman-section" id="toc-gwern-fiction-batman-section">“The Gift of the Amygdali”, Gwern 2017</a></li>
</ul></li>
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