“AI-Synthesized Faces Are Indistinguishable from Real Faces and More Trustworthy”, 2022-02-22 (; similar):
Artificial intelligence (AI)-synthesized text, audio, image, and video are being weaponized for the purposes of nonconsensual intimate imagery, financial fraud, and disinformation campaigns. Our evaluation of the photorealism of AI-synthesized faces [of StyleGAN2] indicates that synthesis engines have passed through the uncanny valley and are capable of creating faces that are indistinguishable—and more trustworthy—than real faces.
…Experiment 1: In this study, 315 participants classified, one at a time, 128 of the 800 faces as real or synthesized. Shown in Figure 2A is the distribution of participant accuracy (blue bars). The average accuracy is 48.2% (95% CI [47.1%, 49.2%]), close to chance performance of 50%.
…Experiment 2: In this study, 219 new participants, with training and trial-by-trial feedback, classified 128 faces taken from the same 800 set of faces as in experiment 1. Shown in Figure 2A [also] is the distribution of participant accuracy (orange bars). The average accuracy improved slightly to 59.0% (95% CI [57.7%, 60.4%]), with no response bias: d’ = 0.46; β = 0.99. Despite providing trial-by-trial feedback, there was no improvement in accuracy over time, with an average accuracy of 59.3% (95% CI [57.8%, 60.7%]) for the first set of 64 faces and 58.8% (95% CI [57.4%, 60.3%]) for the second set of 64 faces.