“An Economic Evaluation of Manic-Depressive Illness—1991”, 1995 (; backlinks; similar):
In 1991, the costs for manic-depressive illness, which has a lifetime prevalence of 1.3% among adult Americans, totaled $112.02$451991 billion. Costs were broken down into their direct and indirect components.
Direct costs totaling $17.43$71991 billion consist of expenditures for inpatient and outpatient care, which are treatment related, as well as non-treatment-related expenditures such as those for the criminal justice system used by individuals with manic-depressive illness. Indirect costs, which were $94.59$381991 billion, include the lost productivity of both wage-earners ($42.32$171991 billion) and homemakers ($7.47$31991 billion), individuals who are in institutions ($7.47$31991 billion) or who have committed suicide ($19.91$81991 billion), and caregivers who take care of manic-depressive family members ($14.94$61991 billion).
The method for determining each expenditure is provided, and the implications of these staggering costs are discussed.
These calculations rely heavily on methods and data bases that were developed for the accompanying paper on the costs of schizophrenia.