“KIN: A Method to Infer Relatedness from Low-Coverage Ancient DNA”, Divyaratan Popli, Stéphane Peyrégne, Benjamin M. Peter2022-10-24 (genome sequencing)⁠:

Genetic kinship of ancient individuals can provide insights into their culture and social hierarchy, and is relevant for downstream genetic analyses. However, estimating relatedness from ancient DNA is difficult due to low-coverage, ascertainment bias, or contamination from various sources.

Here, we present KIN, a method [using hidden Markov models] to estimate the relatedness of a pair of individuals from the identical-by-descent segments they share. KIN accurately classifies up to 3^rd-degree relatives using ≥0.05× sequence coverage and differentiates siblings from parent-child [and works on Neanderthals].

It incorporates additional models to adjust for contamination and detect inbreeding, which improves classification accuracy.