“A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes”, Victoria Bridgland, Payton J. Jones, Benjamin W. Bellet2022-08-23 (psychology)⁠:

trigger warnings, content warnings, or content notes are alerts about upcoming content that may contain themes related to past negative experiences. Advocates claim that warnings help people to emotionally prepare for or completely avoid distressing material. Critics argue that warnings both contribute to a culture of avoidance at odds with evidence-based treatment practices and instill fear about upcoming content.

Recently, a body of psychological research has begun to investigate these claims empirically. We present the results of a meta-analysis of all empirical studies on the effects of these warnings.

Overall, we found that warnings have no effect on affective responses to negative material nor on educational outcomes (ie. comprehension). However, warnings reliably increase anticipatory affect. Findings on avoidance were mixed, suggesting either that warnings have no effect on engagement with material, or that they increase engagement with negative material under specific circumstances.

Limitations and implications for policy and therapeutic practice are discussed.

[Keywords: content warning, education, meta-analysis, PTSD, trigger warning]

See Also:

• Helping or Harming? The Effect of Trigger Warnings on Individuals With Trauma Histories

• Trigger warnings and resilience in college students: A preregistered replication and extension

• Correlates of “Coddling”: Cognitive distortions predict safetyism-inspired beliefs, belief that words can harm, and trigger warning endorsement in college students

• Are Social Media Ruining Our Lives? A Review of Meta-Analytic Evidence

• Like this meta-analysis: Screen media and mental health

• Is Psychological Science Self-Correcting? Citations Before and After Successful and Failed Replications

• Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence