“Gigahertz Sub-Landauer Momentum Computing”, Kyle J. Ray, James P. Crutchfield2022-02-15 (computer hardware)⁠:

We introduce a fast and highly-efficient physically-realizable bit swap.

Employing readily available and scalable Josephson junction microtechnology, the design implements the recently introduced paradigm of momentum computing.

Its nanosecond speeds and sub-Landauer thermodynamic efficiency arise from dynamically storing memory in momentum degrees of freedom. As such, during the swap, the micro-state distribution is never near equilibrium and the memory-state dynamics fall far outside of stochastic thermodynamics that assumes detailed-balanced Markovian dynamics.

The device implements a bit-swap operation—a fundamental operation necessary to build reversible universal computing.

Extensive, physically-calibrated simulations demonstrate that device performance is robust and that momentum computing can support thermodynamically-efficient, high-speed, large-scale general-purpose computing that circumvents Landauer’s bound.