“Large Dual Encoders Are Generalizable Retrievers”, Jianmo Ni, Chen Qu, Jing Lu, Zhuyun Dai, Gustavo Hernández Ábrego, Ji Ma, Vincent Y. Zhao, Yi Luan, Keith B. Hall, Ming-Wei Chang, Yinfei Yang2021-12-15 (retrieval AI, T5 Transformer; similar)⁠:

It has been shown that dual encoders trained on one domain often fail to generalize to other domains for retrieval tasks. One widespread belief is that the bottleneck layer of a dual encoder, where the final score is simply a dot product between a query vector and a passage vector, is too limited to make dual encoders an effective retrieval model for out-of-domain generalization.

In this paper, we challenge this belief by scaling up the size of the dual encoder model while keeping the bottleneck embedding size fixed. With multi-stage training, surprisingly, scaling up the model size brings substantial improvement on a variety of retrieval tasks, especially for out-of-domain generalization.

Experimental results show that our dual encoders, Generalizable T5-based dense Retrievers (GTR), outperform existing sparse and dense retrievers on the BEIR dataset (Thakur et al 2021) substantially. Most surprisingly, our ablation study finds that GTR is very data efficient, as it only needs 10% of MS MARCO supervised data to achieve the best out-of-domain performance. All the GTR models are released.

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