“Models of Control and Control of Bias”, 1975 (; backlinks; similar):
The author discusses how to increase the quality and reliability of the research and reporting process in experimental parapsychology. Three levels of bias and control of bias are discussed. The levels are referred to as Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3 respectively.
Model 1 is characterized by its very low level of intersubjective control. The reliability of the results depends to a very great extent upon the reliability of the investigator and the editor.
Model 2 is relevant to the case when the experimenter is aware of the potential risk of making both errors of observation and recording and tries to control this bias. However, this model of control does not make allowances for the case when data are intentionally manipulated.
Model 3 depicts a rather sophisticated system of control. One feature of this model is, that selective reporting will become harder since the editor has to make his decision as regards the acceptance or rejection of an experimental article prior to the results being obtained, and subsequently based upon the quality of the outline of the experiment. However, it should be stressed, that not even this model provides a fool-proof guarantee against deliberate fraud.
It is assumed that the models of bias and control of bias under discussion are relevant to most branches of the behavioral sciences.
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