“Bayesian Updating in Hierarchic Markov Processes Applied to the Animal Replacement Problem”, Anders Ringgaard Kristensen1993-06-01 (; similar)⁠:

The observed level of milk yield of a dairy cow or the litter size of a sow is only partially the result of a permanent characteristic of the animal; temporary effects are also involved.

Thus, we face a problem concerning the proper definition and measurement of the traits in order to give the best possible prediction of the future revenues from an animal considered for replacement.

A trait model describing the underlying effects is built into a model combining a Bayesian approach with a hierarchic Markov process in order to be able to calculate optimal replacement policies under various conditions.