“Critical Analysis of the Statistical and Ethical Implications of Various Definitions of ’Test Bias’”, 1976 (; backlinks; similar):
Three mutually incompatible ethical positions in regard to the fair and unbiased use of psychological tests for different groups such as Blacks and Whites are defined, including unqualified and qualified individualism and quotas.
Five statistical definitions of test bias are also reviewed and are related to the ethical judgments. Each definition is critically examined for its weaknesses on either technical or social grounds.
It is argued that a statistical attempt to define fair use without recourse to substantive and causal analysis is doomed to failure.