“Measuring the Complexity of Writing Systems”, Antal van den Bosch, Alain Contenty, Walter Daelemansz, Beatrice de Gelder1994-09-20 (, , )⁠:

We propose a quantitative operationalization of the complexity of a writing system. This complexity, also referred to as orthographic depth, plays a crucial role in psycholinguistic modeling of reading aloud (and learning to read aloud) in several languages.

The complexity of a writing system is expressed by two measures, viz. that of the complexity of letter-phoneme alignment and that of the complexity of grapheme-phoneme correspondences.

We present the alignment problem and the correspondence problem as tasks to 3 different data-oriented learning algorithms [tree-learning], and submit them to English, French and Dutch learning and testing material.

Generalisation performance metrics are used to propose for each corpus a two-dimensional writing system complexity value.