“Testosterone Facilitates the Sense of Agency”, Donné van der Westhuizen, James Moore, Mark Solms, Jack van Honk2017-11 (, ; similar)⁠:

Sense of agency (SoA) refers to feelings of being in control of one’s actions. Evidence suggests that SoA might contribute towards higher-order feelings of personal control—a key attribute of powerful individuals. Whether testosterone, a steroid hormone linked to power in dominance hierarchies, also influences the SoA is not yet established.

In a repeated-measures design, 26 females participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the effects of 0.5 mg testosterone on SoA, using an implicit measure based upon perceived shifts in time between a voluntary action and its outcome. Illusions of control, as operationalized by optimism in affective forecasting, were also assessed.

Testosterone increased action binding but there was no statistically-significant effect on tone binding. Affective forecasting was found to be statistically-significantly more positive on testosterone.

SoA and optimistic expectations are basic manifestations of power which may contribute to feelings of infallibility often associated with dominance and testosterone.