“Personality, Intelligence and Approaches to Learning As Predictors of Academic Performance”, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Adrian Furnham2008-05-01 (, ; backlinks)⁠:

Students completed 4 psychometric tests soon after arriving at university: the NEO-PI-R measure of the Big Five personality traits (Costa & McCrae1992); the Study Process Questionnaire, which measures approaches to learning (Biggs1978); and 2 measures of cognitive ability: the Wonderlic IQ Test (Wonderlic1992) and the Baddeley Reasoning Test (Baddeley1968) of fluid intelligence (gf). A year later they completed comprehensive essay-based exams and received a mean score based on 6 examinations.

Academic performance (AP) correlated with ability, achieving and deep learning approaches, Openness and Conscientiousness. Together, these variables explained 40% of the variance in AP. Path analyses indicated that the effects of ability on AP were mediated by personality and learning approaches.

[Keywords: personality, intelligence, learning, academic performance]