“Human Adjustment to an Exotic Environment: The Nuclear Submarine”, 1969 (; backlinks; similar):
My intention here is to provide observational data on one aspect of the submarine environment: the adjustment of men to prolonged submergence aboard a nuclear-propelled Polaris-missile-firing submarine. These observations were made while I was serving as the medical officer aboard two Polaris submarines. Discussions with fellow submarine medical officers led me to believe that adjustment patterns reported herein are not isolated occurrences but are perhaps common to many Polaris submarine crews. It is recognized, however, that human adjustment is a complex function and is affected by many variables. It is not my intention to claim that the adjustment pattern described in this paper applies to all submarine crews.
…The Polaris submariner is a highly screened individual placed into a chronically stressful and frustrating environment. When the individual begins to develop feelings of anger in response to the frustrations, he is faced by a cultural structure which does not readily permit the expression of anger. He is then forced to turn the anger inward and then experiences a depressive phenomenon in reaction to operative stresses. The course of this depressive phenomenon is believed to be an ubiquitous phenomenon among the Polaris submarine crews. A similar adjustment pattern has been reported from other isolated environments. It is believed that the Polaris submarine represents an ideal laboratory in which to study the dynamics of group adjustment to unusual environments.