“Reflections on the Spoon Test”, 2019 (; similar):
In this paper, we shall use Tulving’s seminal empirical and theoretical research including the ‘Spoon Test’ to explore memory and mental time travel and its origins and role in planning for the future. We will review the comparative research on future planning and episodic foresight in pre-verbal children and non-verbal animals to explore how this may be manifest as wordless thoughts.
[Keywords: mental time travel, episodic memory, convergent evolution of cognition, corvids, child development, subjective experience of thinking.]
View PDF: