“The Bi-Factor Method”, Karl J. Holzinger, Frances Swineford1937-03-01 (, ; backlinks; similar)⁠:

The Bi-factor Method of factor analysis is described and illustrated with a small group of 14 tests. A detailed illustration is given of how the method may be modified to the case of overlapping group factors.

It is advocated that the Bi-factor pattern in unmodified form be used to determine the adequacy of tests for the measurement of unitary traits. [see also Protzko & Colom2021]