“Nicotine Chewing Gum (2 Mg, 4 Mg) and Cigarette Smoking: Comparative Effects upon Vigilance and Heart Rate”, 1989-02 (; backlinks):
16 male smokers, abstinent the morning before testing, were assessed under 4 conditions: placebo chewing gum, 2 mg nicotine chewing gum, 4 mg nicotine gum, and cigarette smoking. Placebo gum was administered in the cigarette condition, while sham smoking occurred in the gum conditions. Pre-drug administration and post-drug difference scores were calculated for each assessment measure: rapid visual information processing (RVIP), memory for new information, and heart rate.
Nicotine raised heart rate in a statistically-significant monotonic dose-related manner (p < 0.001): placebo +0.2; 2 mg gum +5.1; 4 mg gum +9.8; cigarette +17.5 bpm. Rapid visual information processing target detections were also statistically-significantly related to dose (p < 0.01), with this increased vigilance statistically-significant under 4 mg nicotine gum and cigarette smoking. Memory task performance was not statistically-significantly affected.
Self-reported feelings of alertness/energy were higher while smoking than under placebo or 4 mg gum. Complaints about the taste of the 4 mg nicotine gum were frequent.
[Keywords: nicotine, smoking, psychological performance, attention, heart rate]