“The Role of Parenting in the Prediction of Criminal Involvement: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample of Youth and a Sample of Adopted Youth”, Kevin M. Beaver, Joseph A. Schwartz, Eric J. Connolly, Mohammed Said Al-Ghamdi, Ahmed Nezar Kobeisy2015-01-19 (crime, adoption studies)⁠:

The role of parenting in the development of criminal behavior has been the source of a vast amount of research, with the majority of studies detecting statistically-significant associations between dimensions of parenting and measures of criminal involvement. An emerging group of scholars, however, has drawn attention to the methodological limitations—mainly genetic confounding—of the parental socialization literature.

The current study addressed this limitation by analyzing a sample of adoptees [Add Health] to assess the association between 8 parenting measures and 4 criminal justice outcome measures.

The results revealed very little evidence of parental socialization effects on criminal behavior before controlling for genetic confounding and no evidence of parental socialization effects on criminal involvement after controlling for genetic confounding.

[Keywords: parenting, criminal involvement, genetic confounding, adoptees]

…Table 3 shows the association between parenting and the criminal justice outcomes for the adoption sample, which we were able to control for genetic confounding. In these equations, none of the parenting measures were statistically-significantly associated with being arrested, being incarcerated, being on probation, or being arrested more than once.

See Also:

• The Association Between Genetic Predisposition and Parental Socialization: An Examination of Gene-Environment Correlations Using an Adoption-Based Design

• Reciprocal Relations Between Parenting and Adjustment in a Sample of Juvenile Offenders

• Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behavior in early adolescence: Child behavior as moderator and predictor

• Adolescents’ internalizing and aggressive behaviors and perceptions of parents? psychological control: a panel study examining direction of effects

• A genetically informed study of the association between harsh punishment and offspring behavioral problems

• The etiologic role of genetic and environmental factors in criminal behavior as determined from full & half-sibling pairs: an evaluation of the validity of the twin method

• Familial concentration of crime in a digital era: Criminal behavior among family members of cyber offenders

• Genetic and Environmental Overlap Between Substance Use and Delinquency in Adolescence

• Challenging Assumptions: A Genetically Sensitive Assessment of the Criminogenic Effect of Contact With the Criminal Justice System