“Persistent RNNs: Stashing Recurrent Weights On-Chip”, Gregory Diamos, Shubho Sengupta, Bryan Catanzaro, Mike Chrzanowski, Adam Coates, Erich Elsen, Jesse Engel, Awni Hannun, Sanjeev Satheesh2016 (RNN, AI hardware)⁠:

This paper introduces a new technique for mapping Deep recurrent neural networks (RNN) efficiently onto GPUs. We show how it is possible to achieve substantially higher computational throughput at low mini-batch sizes than direct implementations of RNNs based on matrix multiplications.

The key to our approach is the use of persistent computational kernels that exploit the GPU’s inverted memory hierarchy to reuse network weights over multiple timesteps. Our initial implementation sustains 2.8 TFLOP/s at a mini-batch size of 4 on an NVIDIA Titan X GPU.

This provides a 16× reduction in activation memory footprint, enables model training with 12× more parameters on the same hardware, allows us to strongly scale RNN training to 128 GPUs, and allows us to efficiently explore end-to-end speech recognition models with over 100 layers.