“Dog Cloning For Special Forces: Breed All You Can Breed § Dog Heritabilities”, Gwern2018-09-18 (, , , , , , ; similar)⁠:

Decision analysis of whether cloning the most elite Special Forces dogs is a profitable improvement over standard selection procedures. Unless training is extremely cheap or heritability is extremely low, dog cloning is hypothetically profitable.

Notes on reading reviews & meta-analyses on the psychometric properties & heritabilities of dog behavioral traits, particularly for working dogs. Dog heritabilities might be expected to be low in the context of considering dogs of the same breed (as would be relevant to a breeding or training context): heavy selective breeding would tend to reduce within-breed heritabilities (while increasing group heritability).

Overall, heritabilities appear to differ by breed and be quite low (say, closer to 25% than to the human average of >50%) but the psychometric properties of dog behavioral tests also appear to be poor, with low item counts, reliabilities, test-retests, and predictive power, rater/judge effects, and little use of latent factors to extract more reliable measures, suggesting considerable total measurement error and thus considerable underestimation of prediction/heritabilities. Possibly dog heritabilities are much closer to human heritabilities than they seem.