hectograph, direct-process duplicator using either gelatin or the spirit process for making a master copy.

The gelatin process, now rarely used, requires the preparation of a special master paper upon which the copy to be duplicated is typed, written, or drawn with a special ink or ribbon. This sheet is then pressed face down against a moist gelatin surface, to which the image is transferred in reverse form. Sheets of paper pressed against this impregnated gelatin receive an image impression. Either a flatbed or rotary machine can make the duplicate copies. The master copy can be prepared in a variety of colours by using ink and carbon sheets of different shades. Multicoloured copies may thus be produced in one operation. The practical limit on copies produced by the gelatin process is about 200.

The spirit method is also referred to as the direct, or fluid, process. The master copy is prepared by typewriter, handwriting, punched card, or computer-printing devices. Master copies can also be prepared by copying machines and microfilm reader-printers. The master sheet is then fastened to a rotating drum. As copy sheets, slightly moistened by a special liquid, are brought into direct contact with the master sheet, a minute amount of the carbon is transferred to them, resulting in finished copies. Multicolour duplication in one operation is possible, as it is with the gelatin process. A further advantage of the spirit process is that information can be added to or deleted from the master. Up to 300 copies can be made from one master sheet.