--- title: '‘virus-proof cells’ directory' description: "Bibliography for directory genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof, most recent first: 16 annotations & 7 links ()." thumbnail: /doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2023-hoose-figure0-timelineofdnasynthesisprogress.jpg thumbnail-text: '' thumbnail-css: "outline" created: 2020-05-10 modified: 2026-07-01 status: in progress previous: /doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/index next: /doc/genetics/heritable/index confidence: log importance: 0 css-extension: dropcaps-not index: True backlink: False ... # See Also ::: {#see-alsos .directory-indexes .columns} - [Parent ('*`genome synthesis`{=html}*' tag)](/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/index "Link to parent directory 'doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/' (ascending)"){#_XdPo6Kmb .link-annotated .link-tag .directory-indexes-upwards rel="tag"} ::: # Links {.display-pop-not} ## `“For the First Time, a Cell Built From Scratch Grows and Divides”`{=html} {#_Z2hTBwmS-section} **[`For the First Time, a Cell Built From Scratch Grows and Divides`{=html}](https://www.quantamagazine.org/for-the-first-time-a-cell-built-from-scratch-grows-and-divides-20260701/ "For the First Time, a Cell Built From Scratch Grows and Divides"){.id-not .include-annotation link-icon="quanta" link-icon-type="svg" link-icon-color="#ff8600"}** ## `“AIs Are Disseminating Expert-Level Virology Skills: New Research Shows Frontier Models Outperform Human Scientists in Troubleshooting Virology Procedures—Lowering Barriers to the Development of Biological Weapons”, Hendrycks & Hiscott 2025`{=html} {#hendrycks-hiscott-2025-section} **[`AIs Are Disseminating Expert-Level Virology Skills: New research shows frontier models outperform human scientists in troubleshooting virology procedures—lowering barriers to the development of biological weapons`{=html}](https://www.ai-frontiers.org/articles/ais-are-disseminating-expert-level-virology-skills "'AIs Are Disseminating Expert-Level Virology Skills: New research shows frontier models outperform human scientists in troubleshooting virology procedures—lowering barriers to the development of biological weapons', Hendrycks & Hiscott 2025"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation}** ## `“Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark”, Götting et al 2025`{=html} {#götting-et-al-2025-section} **[`Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark`{=html}](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16137 "'Virology Capabilities Test (VCT): A Multimodal Virology Q&A Benchmark', Götting et al 2025"){.link-annotated .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="𝛘" link-icon-type="text" link-icon-color="#b31b1b"}** ## `“How AI Takeover Might Happen in 2 Years § Pandora’s 1 GW Box”, Clymer 2025`{=html} {#clymer-2025-section} **[`How AI Takeover Might Happen in 2 Years § Pandora’s 1 GW Box`{=html}](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/KFJ2LFogYqzfGB3uX/how-ai-takeover-might-happen-in-2-years#Pandora_s_One_Gigawatt_Box "'How AI Takeover Might Happen in 2 Years § Pandora’s 1 GW Box', Clymer 2025"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="LW" link-icon-type="text" link-icon-color="#7faf83"}** ## `“De Novo Gene Synthesis by an Antiviral Reverse Transcriptase”, Tang et al 2024`{=html} {#tang-et-al-2024-section} **[`De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase`{=html}](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.08.593200.full "'De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase', Tang et al 2024"){.link-annotated .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="chi-dna" link-icon-type="svg" link-icon-color="#bd2736"}** ## `“Synthetic Bacterial Genome Upgraded for Viral Defence and Biocontainment: Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome Were Engineered to Alter the Way That the DNA Code Instructs Cells to Make Proteins. This ‘Language Barrier’ Serves to Isolate the Cells Genetically, and Makes Them Immune to Viral Infection”, Blount 2023`{=html} {#blount-2023-section} **[`Synthetic bacterial genome upgraded for viral defence and biocontainment: Bacteria with a synthetic genome were engineered to alter the way that the DNA code instructs cells to make proteins. This ‘language barrier’ serves to isolate the cells genetically, and makes them immune to viral infection`{=html}](/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2023-blount.pdf "'Synthetic bacterial genome upgraded for viral defence and biocontainment: Bacteria with a synthetic genome were engineered to alter the way that the DNA code instructs cells to make proteins. This ‘language barrier’ serves to isolate the cells genetically, and makes them immune to viral infection', Blount 2023"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="pdf" link-icon-type="svg" link-icon-color="#f40f02"}** ## `“A Swapped Genetic Code Prevents Viral Infections and Gene Transfer”, Nyerges et al 2023`{=html} {#nyerges-et-al-2023-section} **[`A swapped genetic code prevents viral infections and gene transfer`{=html}](/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2023-nyerges.pdf "'A swapped genetic code prevents viral infections and gene transfer', Nyerges et al 2023"){.link-annotated .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="pdf" link-icon-type="svg" link-icon-color="#f40f02"}** ## `“DNA Synthesis Technologies to Close the Gene Writing Gap”, Hoose et al 2023`{=html} {#hoose-et-al-2023-section} **[`DNA synthesis technologies to close the gene writing gap`{=html}](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41570-022-00456-9 "'DNA synthesis technologies to close the gene writing gap', Hoose et al 2023"){.link-annotated .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="n" link-icon-type="text"}** ## `“Swapped Genetic Code Blocks Viral Infections and Gene Transfer”, Nyerges et al 2022`{=html} {#nyerges-et-al-2022-section} **[`Swapped genetic code blocks viral infections and gene transfer`{=html}](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499367.full "'Swapped genetic code blocks viral infections and gene transfer', Nyerges et al 2022"){.link-annotated .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="chi-dna" link-icon-type="svg" link-icon-color="#bd2736"}** ## `“Sense Codon Reassignment Enables Viral Resistance and Encoded Polymer Synthesis”, Robertson et al 2021`{=html} {#robertson-et-al-2021-section} **[`Sense codon reassignment enables viral resistance and encoded polymer synthesis`{=html}](/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2021-robertson.pdf "'Sense codon reassignment enables viral resistance and encoded polymer synthesis', Robertson et al 2021"){.link-annotated .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="pdf" link-icon-type="svg" link-icon-color="#f40f02"}** ## `“Ultrasafe-Cell-Line”`{=html} {#_INCi7fnG-section} **[`ultrasafe-cell-line`{=html}](https://diyhpl.us/wiki/transcripts/hgp-write/2017-05-09/ultrasafe-cell-line/ "ultrasafe-cell-line"){.id-not .include-annotation}** ::: aux-links-transclude-file ::: collapse **View External Link**: [`https://diyhpl.us/wiki/transcripts/hgp-write/2017-05-09/ultrasafe-cell-line/`](https://diyhpl.us/wiki/transcripts/hgp-write/2017-05-09/ultrasafe-cell-line/){.id-not .link-annotated-not .include-content .include-lazy} ::: ::: ## `“Forecasting Biosecurity Risks from LLMs”`{=html} {#_LOWzdvQx-section} **[`Forecasting Biosecurity Risks from LLMs`{=html}](https://forecastingresearch.org/ai-enabled-biorisk "Forecasting Biosecurity Risks from LLMs"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation}** ## `“Securing Benchtop DNA Synthesizers”`{=html} {#_bsIFDzXS-section} **[`Securing Benchtop DNA Synthesizers`{=html}](https://ifp.org/securing-benchtop-dna-synthesizers/ "Securing Benchtop DNA Synthesizers"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation}** ## `“The Human Operating System Gets an Overhaul”`{=html} {#__G5WRYu--section} **[`The Human Operating System Gets an Overhaul`{=html}](https://medium.proto.life/andrew-hessel-human-genome-project-write-d15580dd0885 "The Human Operating System Gets an Overhaul"){.id-not .include-annotation}** ## `“The Dangers of Mirrored Life”`{=html} {#_wpNHG0Gs-section} **[`The Dangers of Mirrored Life`{=html}](https://www.asimov.press/p/mirror-life "The Dangers of Mirrored Life"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation}** ## `“Genome ‘Writers’ Set Their First Goal: Recoding Human Cells to Resist Viruses”`{=html} {#_xUzAK76D-section} **[`Genome ‘writers’ set their first goal: recoding human cells to resist viruses`{=html}](https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/01/genome-writers-recoding-human-cells/ "Genome ‘writers’ set their first goal: recoding human cells to resist viruses"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="stat-news" link-icon-type="svg" link-icon-color="#008299"}** ## Wikipedia (1) {#titled-links-wikipedia .collapse} 1. **[`Michael Levin (biologist)`{=html}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Levin_(biologist) "Michael Levin (biologist)"){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="wikipedia" link-icon-type="svg"}** # Miscellaneous - **[`/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2023-hoose-figure0-timelineofdnasynthesisprogress.jpg`{=html}](/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2023-hoose-figure0-timelineofdnasynthesisprogress.jpg){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="image" link-icon-type="svg"}** - **[`/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2023-roose-figure1-thestateoftheartindnasynthesis.jpg`{=html}](/doc/genetics/genome-synthesis/virus-proof/2023-roose-figure1-thestateoftheartindnasynthesis.jpg){.link-annotated-partial .id-not .include-annotation link-icon="image" link-icon-type="svg"}** - **[`https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/PTtZWBAKgrrnZj73n/biosecurity-culture-computer-security-culture`{=html}](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/PTtZWBAKgrrnZj73n/biosecurity-culture-computer-security-culture){.id-not .include-annotation link-icon="EA" link-icon-type="text" link-icon-color="#06819a"}** ::: aux-links-transclude-file ::: collapse **View External Link**: [`https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/PTtZWBAKgrrnZj73n/biosecurity-culture-computer-security-culture`](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/PTtZWBAKgrrnZj73n/biosecurity-culture-computer-security-culture){.id-not .link-annotated-not .include-content .include-lazy link-icon="EA" link-icon-type="text" link-icon-color="#06819a"} ::: ::: - **[`https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05043-x`{=html}](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05043-x){.id-not .include-annotation link-icon="n" link-icon-type="text"}** - **[`https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads9158`{=html}](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads9158){.id-not .include-annotation link-icon="S" link-icon-type="text" link-icon-color="#ca2015"}** - **[`https://www.science.org/news/2018/05/genome-writing-project-aims-rally-scientists-around-virus-proofing-cells`{=html}](https://www.science.org/news/2018/05/genome-writing-project-aims-rally-scientists-around-virus-proofing-cells){.id-not .include-annotation link-icon="S" link-icon-type="text" link-icon-color="#ca2015"}** - **[`https://www.wired.com/story/synthetic-dna-us-biden-regulation/`{=html}](https://www.wired.com/story/synthetic-dna-us-biden-regulation/){.id-not .include-annotation link-icon="wired" link-icon-type="svg"}** ::: aux-links-transclude-file ::: collapse **View External Link**: [`https://www.wired.com/story/synthetic-dna-us-biden-regulation/`](https://www.wired.com/story/synthetic-dna-us-biden-regulation/){.id-not .link-annotated-not .include-content .include-lazy link-icon="wired" link-icon-type="svg"} ::: :::